Crime Against Women Essay Example

Crime Against Women Essay In the ancient Indian women held a high place of respect in the society as mentioned in Rigveda and other scriptures. Volumes can be written about the status of our women and their heroic deeds from the vedic period to the modern times. But later on, because of social, political and economic changes, women lost their status and were elegated to the background. Many evil customs and traditions stepped in which enslaved the women and tied them to the boundaries of the house1. The official statistics showed a declining sex-ratio, health status, literacy rate, work participation rate and political participation among women. While on the other hand the spread of social evils like dowry deaths, child marriage, domestic violence, rape, sexual harassment, exploitation of women workers are rampant in different parts of India. Humiliation, rape, kidnapping, molestation, dowry death, torture, wife-beating etc. have grown up over the years2. 2. MEANING OF CRIME / VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN The Semantic meaning of crime against women is direct or indirect physical or mental cruelty to women. Crimes which are directed specifically against women and in which only women are victims are characterized as Crime against Women3. It is equally important to clarify the concept of violence against women. Violence is also known as abuse and include any sort of physical aggression or misbehave. When violence is committed at home it becomes domestic violence and involves family members such as children, spouse, parents or servants. Domestic violence may involve different means such as hitting, kicking, biting, shoving, restraining, throwing objects. We will write a custom essay sample on Crime Against Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Crime Against Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Crime Against Women specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In broad terms, it includes threats, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, controlling or domineering, intimidation, stalking, passive/covert abuse and economic deprivation, rape, abduction, kidnapping, murder (all cases of criminal violence, dowry death, wife battering, sexual abuse, maltreatment of a widow and for an elderly women (all cases of domestic violence) and eve-teasing, forcing wife/daughter-in-law to go for foeticide, forcing a young widow to commit sati, etc (all cases of social violence), are issues which affect a large section of society4. Violence and Protective Measures for Women Development and Empowerment by Aruna Goel, New Delhi, Deep Deep Publications, 2004, pp. 3-4 2 Violence against Women and Children-Issues and Concerns, By Awadhesh Kumar Singh and Jayanta Choudhury, New Delhi, Serials Publications, 2012, p. 1 3 Ibid, p. 2 4 Ibid, 2012, pp. 2-3 The United Nations defined â€Å"Violence against Women† in 1993 in Declaration on the Elimination of Violence agai nst Women. It defines it as any act of gender -based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of uch acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or private life5. 3. CONSTITUTIONAL AND LEGAL PROVISION FOR WOMEN The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women for neutralizing the cumulative socio economic, education and political disadvantages faced by them. Within the framework of a democratic polity, our laws, development policies, Plans and programmes have aimed at women’s advancement in different spheres. India has also ratified various international convention and human rights instruments committing to secure equal rights of women. Key among them is the ratification of the Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in 19936. Constitutional Provisions for women are as under: vArticle 14, confers on men and women equal rights and opportunities in political, economic and social sphere. Article 15, prohibits, discrimination against any citizen on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex etc. vArticle 16, provides for equality of opportunities matters relating to employment or appointment to any office under the state. vArticle 39(a)(d), mentions policy security of state equality for both men and women the right to a means of livelihood and equal pay for equal work for both men and women. vArticle 42, Direct the State to make provision for ensuring just and humane conditions of work and m eternity relief. Legal Provisions for women are as under: Factories Act 1948: Under this Act, a woman cannot be forced to work beyond 8 hours and prohibits employment of women except between 6 A. M. and 7 P. M. vMaternity Benefit Act 1961: A Woman is entitled 12 weeks maternity leave with full wages. vThe Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961: Under the provisions of this Act demand of dowry either before marriage, during marriage and or after the marriage is an offence. vThe Equal Remuneration Act of 1976: This act provides equal wages for equal work: It provides for the payment of equal wages to both men and women workers for the same work or work of similar nature. It also prohibits discrimination against women in the matter of recruitment. vThe Child Marriage Restrain Act of 1976: This act raises the age for marriage of a girl to 18 years from 15 years and that of a boy to 21 years. vIndian Penal Code: Section 354 and 509 safeguards the interests of women. vThe Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act of 1971: The Act safeguards women from unnecessary and compulsory abortions. vAmendments to Criminal Law 1983, which provides for a punishment of 7 years in ordinary cases and 10 years for custodial rape cases. 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Act reserved 1/3rd seats in Panchayat and Urban Local Bodies for women. vThe National Commission for Women Act, 1990: The Commission was set up in January, 1992 to review the Constitutional and legal safeguards for women. vThe Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. vProtection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: This Act protects women from any act/conduct/omission/commission that harms, injures or potential to harm, is to be considered as domestic violence. It protects the women from physical, sexual, emotional, verbal, psychological, economic abuse.. vProtection of Women against Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill, 2010: on November 4, 2010, the Government introduced protection of Women Against Sexual Harassment at Workplace Bill, 2010, which aims at protecting the women at workplace not only to women employee but also to female clients, customer, students, research scholars in colleges and universities patients in hospitals. The Bill was passed in Lok Sabha on 3. 9. 2012. 4. CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME AGAINST WOMEN: These are broadly classified under two categories i. e. (A) The Crimes under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and, (B) The Crimes under the Special Local Laws (SLL). A. The Crimes under the Indian Penal Code (IPC): Seven Crimes included under this head are as follows: (i) Rape (Section 376 IPC) (incidence 24, 206, Rate: 2. 0) An increasing trend in cases of rape has been observed during 2007-08. A mixed trend in the incidence of rape has been observed during the periods 2008-11. These cases have reported an increase of 3. % in the year 2008 over the year 2007, a decline of 0. 3% in the year 2009 over 2008 and an increase of 3. 6% in the year 2010 over 2009 and further an increase of 9. 2% in the year 2011 over the year 2010. Madhya Pradesh has reported the highest number of Rape cases (3,406) accounting for 14. 1% of total such cases reported in the country. Mizoram has reported the highest crime rate 7. 1 as compared to National average of 2. 0. Ra pe cases have been further categorized as Incest Rape and other Rape cases. Incest Rape (Incidence†¦267) Incest rape cases have decreased by 7. 3% from 288 cases in 2010 to 267 cases in 2011 as compared to 9. 2% increase in overall Rape cases. Maharashtra (44 cases) has accounted for the highest (15. 3%) of the total such cases reported in the country Table at Annexure – I. Rape Victims There were 24,270 victims of Rape out of 24,206 reported Rape cases in the country. 10. 6% (2,582) of the total victims of Rape were girls under 14 years of age, while 19. 0% (4,646) victims were teenage girls (14-18 years). 54. 7% (13,264) victims were women in the age-group 18-30 years. However, 15. 0% (3637) victim s were in the age-group of 30-50 years while 0. 6% (141 victims) was over 50 years of age. The details are given in Table at Annexure -I. Offenders were known to the victims in as many as 22,549 (94. 2%) cases. Parents/close family members were involved in 1. 2% (267 out of 22,549) of these cases, neighbors were involved in 34. 7% cases (7,835 out of 22,549 cases) and relatives were involved in 6. 9% (1560 out of 22,549 cases). The State / UT / City-wise details are presented in Table at Annexure-II. (ii) Kidnapping Abduction (Sec. 63-373 IPC) (Incidence†¦35, 565, Rate†¦2. 9) These cases have reported an increase of 19. 4% during the year as compared to previous year (29,795 cases). Uttar Pradesh with 7,525 cases has accounted for 21. 2% of the total cases at the National level. Delhi UT has reported the highest crime rate at 12. 4 as compared to the National average of 2. 9 10 Table at Annexure-III. (iii) Dowry Death (Sec. 302, 304B IPC) and Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 A unique form of violence experienced by women is Dowry Death and now, the most common one. These cases have increased by 2. % during the year 2011 over the previous year (8,391 cases). 26. 9% of the total such cases reported in the country were reported from Uttar Pradesh (2,322) cases alone followed by Bihar (1,413 cases) (16. 4%). The highest rate of crime (1. 4) was reported from Bihar as compared to the National average of 0. 7 Table at Annexure-III. (iv) Torture (Cruelty by Husband Relatives) (Sex. 498-A IPC) (Incidence †¦99,135, Rate†¦8. 2) ‘Torture’ cases in the country have increased by 5. 4% over the previous year (94,041 cases). 19. % of these were reported form West Bengal (19,772 cases). The highest crime rate of 21. 6 was also reported from West Bengal as compared to the National rate at 8. 2 Table at Annexure-III. (v) Molestation (Sec. 354 IPC) (Incidence †¦. 42,968 Rate†¦3. 6) Incidents of Molestation in t he country have increased by 5. 8% over the previous year (40,613 cases). Madhya Pradesh has reported the highest incidence (6,665) amounting to 15. 5% of total such incidences. Kerala has reported the highest crime rate (11. 2. ) as compared to the National average of 3. Table at Annexure-III. (vi) Sexual Harassment (Sec. 509 IPC) (Incidence†¦8,570 Rate†¦0. 7) The number of such cases has decreased by 14. 0% during the year over the previous year (9,961 cases). Andhra Pradesh has reported 42. 7%(3,658 cases) followed by Maharashtra 12. 5%(1,071 cases) of total incidences during the year 2011. Andhra Pradesh has reported the highest crime rate (4. 3) as compared to the National average of 0. 7 Table at Annexure-III. Sexual harassment persists in many of the workplaces in India despite stringent legislation enforced against it. Sexual harassment of women is a violation of the fundamental right of women to work in a safe environment. (vii) Importation of Girls (Sec. 366-B IPC) (Incidence†¦80) An increase of 122. 2% has been observed in Crime Head as 80 cases were reported during the year 2011 as compared to 36 cases in the previous year (2010). Madhya Pradesh (45 cases), Bihar (10 cases) and Karnataka (12 cases have together contributed more than two-third of total such cases at the National level16 Table at Annexure-III. C. Reported Incidents of crime (Incidence†¦2,28, 650) A total of 2,28,650 incidents of crime against women (both under IPC and SLL) were reported in the country during the year 2011 as compared to 2,13,585 incidences in the year 2010 recording an increase of 7. 1% during the year 2011. Reported Incidents of crime : Year Cases 2007 1,85,312 2008 1,95,856 2009 2,03,804 2010 2,13,585 2011 2,28,650 West Bengal with 7. 5% share of country’s population has accounted for nearly 12. % of total crime against women by reporting 29,133 cases. Andhra Pradesh, accounting for nearly 7. 0% of the country’s population, has accounted for 12. 4% of total crimes against women in the country by reporting 28,246 cases in the year 201120 Table at Annexure-IV. Crime Rate (Crime rate†¦ 18. 9) : The rate of crime has increased marginally from 18. 0 in the year 2010 to 18. 9 during the years 2011. Tripura has reported the highest rate of crime against women at 37. 0 during the year 2011 a s compared to 18. 9 crime rate at the National level Table at Annexure-IV. Trend Analysis: The crime head-wise details of reported crimes during the year 2007 to year 2011 along with percentage variation are presented in Table-I(A) below. The crime against women during the year 2011 has increased by 7. 1% over the year 2010 and by 23. 4% over the year 2007. The IPC component of crimes against women has accounted for 95. 8% of total crimes and the rest 4. 2% were SLL crimes against women. The proportion of IPC crimes committed against women towards total IPC crimes has increased during last 5 years from 8. % in the year 2007 to 9. 4% during the year 2011. Table 1(A)| Crime Head-wise Incidents of Crime Against Women during 2007-2011 and Percentage variation in 2011 over 2010| Year| Sl. No|Crime Head|2007|2008|2009|2010|2011|Percentage variation in 2011 over 2010| 1. |Rape (Sec. 376 IPC)|20,737|21,467|21,397|22,172|24,206|9. 2| 2. |Kidnapping Abduction (Sec. 363 to 373 IPC)|20,416|22,939|25,741|29,795|35,565|19. 4| 3. |Dowry Death(Sec. 302 / 304 IPC)|8,093|8 ,172|8,383|8,391|8,618|2. 7| 4. |Cruelty by Husband and Relatives (Sec. 498-A IPC)|75,930|81,344|89,546|94,041|99,135|5. 4| 5. |Molestation (Sec. 54 IPC)|38,734|40,413|38,711|40,613|42,968|5. 8| 6. |Sexual Harassment (Sec. 509 IPC)|10,950|12,214|11,009|9,961|8,570|-14. 0| 7. |Importation of Girls (Sec. 366-B IPC)|61|67|48|36|80|122. 2| 8. |Sati Prevention Act, 1987|0|1|0|0|1|100. 0| 9. |Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956|3,568|2,659|2,474|2,499|2,435|-2. 6| 10. |Indecent Representation of women (Prohibition) Act, 1986|1,200|1,025|845|895|453|-49. 4| 11. |Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961|5,623|5,555|5,650|5,182|6,619|27. 7| Total|1,85,312|1,95,856|2,03,804|2,13,585|2,28,65|7. 1| Table 1(B)| Proportion of Crime against Women (IPC) towards total IPC crimes23| Sl. No. |Year|Total IPC Crimes|Crime Against women (IPC cases)|Percentage to total IPC crimes| 1. |2007|19,89,673|1,74,921|8. 8| 2. |2008|20,93,379|1,86,617|8. 9| 3. |2009|21,21,345|2,03,804|9. 2| 4. |2010|22,24,831|2,13,585|9. 6| 5. |2011|23,25,575|2,19,142|9. 4| AMENDMENTS TO THE INDIAN PENAL CODE: Amendment of section 100- In the Indian Penal Code (hereafter in this Chapter referred to as the Penal Code), in section 100, in the clause Secondly, after the words â€Å"grievous hurt†, the words â€Å"including the offence of grievous hurt punishable under section 326A† shall be inserted. Insertion of new section 166A: Public servant disobeying direction under law: 166A- Whoever, being a public servant,–– (a) knowingly disobeys any direction of the law which prohibits him from requiring the attendance at any place of any person for the purpose of investigation into an offence or any other matter, or (b) knowingly disobeys, to the prejudice of any person, any other direction of the law regulating the manner in which he shall conduct such investigation, or (c) fails to record any information given to him under subsection (1) of section 154 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 and in particular in relation to cognizable offence punishable under s e c t i o n 354, section 354A, section 354B, section 354C, sub-section (2) of section 354D, section 376, section 376A, section 376B, s ection 376C, section 376D or section 376E, shall be punished with imprisonment for a term which may extend to one year or with fine or with both. †. Insertion of new sections 326A and 326B: Voluntarily causing grievous hurt by use of acid, etc- 326A- Whoever causes permanent or partial damage or deformity to, or burns or maims or disfigures or disables, any part or parts of the body of a person or causes grievous hurt by throwing acid on or by administering acid to that person, or by using any other means with the intention of causing or with the knowledge that he is likely to cause such injury or hurt, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life and with fine which may extend to ten lakh rupees: Provided that any fine imposed under this section shall be given to the person on whom acid was thrown or to whom acid was administered. 26B- Whoever throws or attempts to throw acid on any person or attempts to administer acid to any person, or attempts to use any other means, with the intention of causing permanent or partial d amage or deformity or burns or maiming or disfigurement or disability or grievous hurt to that person, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation 1: For the purposes of section 326A and this section, â€Å"acid† includes any substance which has acidic or corrosive character or burning nature, that is capable of causing bodily injury leading to scars or disfigurement or temporary or permanent disability. Explanation 2: â€Å"Permanent or partial damage† includes deformity, or maiming, or burning, or disfiguring, or disabling any part or parts of the body of a person. Explanation 3: For the purposes of section 326A and this section, permanent or partial damage or deformity shall not be required to be irreversible. ’ Amendment of section 354: In section 354 of the Penal Code, for the words â€Å"shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to two years, or with fine, or with both†, the words â€Å"shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term of one year which may extend to five years and shall also be liable to fine† shall be substituted. Insertion of new sections 354A, 354B, 354C and 354D: 354A: (1) The following acts or behaviour shall constitute the offence of sexual harassment–– (i)physical contact and advances involving unwelcome and explicit sexual overtures; or (ii) a demand or request for sexual favours; or (iii) making sexually coloured remarks; or (iv) forcibly showing pornography; or (v) any other unwelcome physical, verbal or non-verbal conduct of sexual nature. 2) Any person who commits the offence specified in clause (i) or clause (ii) of sub-section(1) shall be punished with rigorous impri sonment which may extend to five years, or with fine, or with both. (3) Any person who commits the offence specified in clause (iii) or clause (iv) or clause (v) of sub-section (1) shall be punishable with imprisonment of either description that may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both. Assault or use of criminal force to woman with intent to disrobe: 354B- Whoever assaults or uses criminal force to any woman or abets such act with the intention of disrobing or compelling her to be naked in any public place, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to seven years and with fine. Voyeurism: 354C- Whoever watches, or captures the image of, a woman engaging in a private act in circumstances where she would usually have the expectation of not being observed either by the perpetrator or by any other person at the behest of the perpetrator shall be punished on first conviction with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than one year, but which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine, and be punished on a second or subsequent conviction, with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than three years, but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation 1: For the purposes of this section, â€Å"private act† includes an act of watching carried out in a place which, in the circumstances, would reasonably be expected to provide privacy, and where the victims genitals, buttocks or breasts are exposed or covered only in underwear; or the victim is using a lavatory; or the person is doing a sexual act that is not of a kind ordinarily done in public. Explanation 2: Where the victim consents to the capture of images or any act, but not to their dissemination to third persons and where such image or act is disseminated, such dissemination shall be considered an offence under this section. Stalking: 354D- 1) Whoever follows a person and contacts, or attempts to contact such person to foster personal interaction repeatedly, despite a clear indication of disinterest by such person, or whoever monitors the use by a person of the internet, email or any other form of electronic communication, or watches or spies on a person in a manner that results in a fear of violence or serious alarm or distress in the mind of such person, or interferes with the mental peace of such person, commits the offence of stalking: Provided that the course of conduct will not amount to stalking if the person who pursued it shows–– (i) that it was pursued for the purpose of preventing or detecting crime and the person accused of stalking had been entrusted with the responsibility of prevention and detection of crime by the state; or (ii) that it was pursued under any law or to comply with any condition or requirement imposed by any person under any law; or (iii) that in the particular circumstances the pursuit of the course of conduct was reasonable. (2) Whoever commits the offence of stalking shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than one year but which may extend to three years, and shall also be liable to fine. ’. Substitution of new sections 370 and 370A for section 370: Trafficking of person: 370- (1) Whoever, for the purpose of exploitation, (a) recruits, (b) transports, (c) harbours, (d) transfers, or (e) receives, a person or persons, by–– First–– using threats, or Secondly–– using force, or any other form of coercion, or Thirdly–– by abduction, or Fourthly–– by practicing fraud, or deception, or Fifthly–– by abuse of power, or Sixthly–– by inducement, including the giving or receiving of payments or benefits, in order to achieve the consent of any person having control over the person recruited, transported, harbored, transferred or received, commits the offence of trafficking. Explanation 1: The expression â€Å"exploitation† shall include, prostitution or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude, or the forced removal of organs. Explanation 2: The consent of the victim is immaterial in a determination of the offence of trafficking. 2) Whoever commits the offence of trafficking shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than seven years, but which may extend to ten years, and shall also be liable to fine. (3) Where the offence involves the trafficking of more than one p erson, it shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. (4) Where the offence involves the trafficking of a minor, it shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life. 5) Where the offence involves the trafficking of more than one minor at the same time, it shall be punishable with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than fourteen years but which may extend to imprisonment for life. (6) When a public servant including police officer is involved in the trafficking of a minor then such public servant shall be punished with imprisonment for life, which shall mean the remainder of that person’s natural life. (7) If a person is convicted of the offence of trafficking of minors, on more than one occasion, then such person shall be punished with imprisonment for life, which shall mean imprisonment for the remainder of that person’s natural life. Employing of a trafficked person: 370A. 1. Whoever, despite knowing, or having reason to believe that a child has been trafficked, employs such child in any form of labour, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than five years but which may extend to seven years, and with fine. 2. Whoever, despite knowing or having reason to believe that an adult has been trafficked, employs such adult for labour, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than three years but which may extend to five years, and shall also be liable to fine. ’. Substitution of new sections for sections 375, 376, 376A, 376B, 376C and 376D: 1. Sexual assault: 375 A person is said to commit â€Å"sexual assault† f that person– (a) Penetrates his penis, to any extent, into the vagina, mouth urethra or anus of another person or makes the person to do so with him or any other person; or (b) inserts, to any extent, any object or a part of the body, not being the penis , into the vagina, the urethra or anus of another person or makes the person to do so with him or any other person; or (c) manipulates any part of the body of another person so as to cause penetration into the vagina, urethra, anus or any part of body of such person or makes the person to do so with him or any other person; or (d) applies his mouth to the penis, vagina, anus, urethra of another person or makes such person to do so with him or any other person; (e) touches the vagina, penis, anus or breast of the person or makes the person touch the vagina, penis, anus or breast of that person or any other person, except where such penetration or touching is carried out for proper hygienic or medical purposes under the circumstances falling under any of the following seven descriptions:–– First: Against the other person’s will. Second: Without the other person’s consent. Thirdly: With the other person’s consent when such consent has been obtained by putting such other person or any person in whom such other person is interested, in fear of death or of hurt. Fourthly : When the person assaulted is a female, with her consent, when the man knows that he is not her husband and that her consent is given because she believes that he is another man to whom she is or believes to be lawfully married. Fifthly: With the consent of the other person when, at the time of giving such consent, by reason of unsoundness of mind or intoxication or the administration by that person personally or through another of any stupefying or unwholesome substance, the other person is unable to understand the nature and consequences of that action to which such other person gives consent. Sixthly : With or without the other person’s consent, when such other person is under eighteen years of age. Seventhly: When the person is unable to communicate consent. Explanation 1: Penetration to any extent is â€Å"penetration† for the purposes of this section. Explanation 2: For the purposes of this section, â€Å"vagina† shall also include labia majora. Explanation 3: Consent means an unequivocal voluntary agreement when the person by words, gestures or any form of non-verbal communication, communicates willingness to participate in the specific act: Provided that, a person who does not physically resist to the act of penetration shall not by the reason only of that fact, be regarded as consenting to the sexual activity. Exception: Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under sixteen years of age, is not sexual assault. 2. Punishment for sexual assault: 376- (1) Whoever, except in the cases provided for by sub-section(2) commits sexual assault, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment of either description for a term which shall not be less than seven years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. (2) Whoever,–– (a) being a police officer, commits sexual assault – i. within the limits of the police station to which such police officer is appointed; or ii. in the premises of any station house; or iii. n a person in such police officer’s custody or in the custody of a police officer subordinate to such police officer; or (b) being a public servant, commits sexual assault on a person in such public servant’s custody or in the custody of a public servant subordinate to such public serv ant; or (c) being a member of the armed forces is in the area by virtue of deployment by the Central or a State Government, commits sexual assault; or (d) being on the management or on the staff of a jail, remand home or other place of custody established by or under any law for the time being in force or of a women’s or children’s institution, commits sexual assault on any inmate of such jail, remand home, place or institution; or (e) being on the management or on the staff of a hospital, commits sexual assault on a person in that hospital; or (f) being a relative, guardian or teacher of, or a person in a position of trust or authority towards, the person assaulted, commits sexual assault on such person; or (g) commits sexual assault on a woman knowing her to be pregnant; or (h) commits sexual assault on a person when such person is nder eighteen years of age; or (i) commits sexual assault, where the person assaulted is incapable of giving consent; or (j) being in a p osition of economic or social dominance, commits sexual assault on a person under such dominance; or (k) commits sexual assault on a person suffering from mental or physical disability; or (l) while committing sexual assault causes grievous bodily harm or maims or disfigures or endangers the life of a person; or (m) commits persistent sexual assault, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than ten years but which may extend to imprisonment for life, and shall also be liable to fine. Explanation 1: a) â€Å"women’s or children’s institution† means an institution, whether called an orphanage or a home for neglected women or children or a widow’s home or an institution called by any other name, which is established and maintained for the reception and care of women or children; (b) â€Å"hospital† means the precincts of the hospital and includes the precincts of any institution for the reception and treatment o f persons during convalescence or of persons requiring medical attention or rehabilitation; (c) â€Å"police officer† shall have the same meaning as assigned to the expression â€Å"police† under the Police Act, 1861; (d) â€Å"armed forces† means the naval, military and air forces and includes any member of the Armed Forces constituted under any Act for the time being in force, including the paramilitary forces and any auxiliary forces that are under the control of the Central Government or the State Government. Explanation 2: Where a person is subjected to sexual assault by one or more persons in a group of persons acting in furtherance of their common intention, each of the persons in the group shall be deemed to have committed sexual assault within the meaning of this sub-section. 3. Punishment for causing death or resulting in persistent vegetative state of the victim: 376A- Whoever, commits an offence punishable under sub-section (1) or sub section (2) of section 376 and in the course of such commission inflicts an injury which causes the death of the person or causes the person to be in a persistent vegetative state, shall be punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which shall not be less than twenty ears, but which may extend to imprisonment for life, which shall mean the remainder of that person’s natural life, or with death. 4. Sexual assault by husband upon his wife during separation: 376B- Whoever commits sexual assault on his own wife, who is living separately unde r a decree of separation or under any custom or usage, without her consent, shall be punished with imprisonment of either description, for a term which shall not be less than two years but which may extend to seven years, and shall also be liable to fine. 5. Sexual intercourse by a person in authority: 376C. Whoever,–– (a) being in a position of authority or in a

Definition Essay on Racism

Definition Essay on Racism Definition Essay on Racism When writing an essay on racism, you will be expected to share your special understanding about the issue of racism in more than just a sentence. With this type of essay, you should not rely on common definitions from dictionaries or encyclopedias, but you should base your essay on a deeper level of understanding. Tolerance is of foremost importance when you one sets to composing an essay concerning racism or similar topics. Select the words and expressions very carefully not to insult someones feelings or beliefs, as – you know – sometimes the words may hurt really in a severe way. The first thing you should do is select the topic of your paper. Make sure you select an abstract word or phrase with a complex meaning so that you will have the opportunity to tackle it from many perspectives. It will also be easier for you to create the content to complete this type of essay paper. If you select an easy topic, chances are you will be done with the essay definition in a sentence of two, and the other sentences will be what you intentionally include for the purpose of completing the content. However, if the word or phrase you define is straight-forward and simple, it may be challenging to make the essay paper interesting, but if the topic is a disputable one such as racism, then you will have many opportunities to play around with the words and end up with an interesting essay paper. Racism is something that means different things to different people and this gives you the chance to explore several meanings of the word. Then, you could even state which definition you think is best out of the many available. Just be sure that, with a definition, you analyze words to come up with a unique definition. If the definition you end up writing in your essay paper is one the reader is likely to have, then the reader is likely to perceive the essay as one that lacks depth. This is something you never want your reader to perceive about your writing. Even as you search for a complex word or phrase to define, you should always choose something very familiar. Racism is a great word to base your definition essay on, because it is a word that has been defined many times by different texts. This allows you the opportunity to read the many available definitions and come up with your own definition in reference to what you have read. This topic has already been defined and explored by many writers, so you will have the opportunity to define it in a unique and stand out from the others. At writing service you can buy a custom definition essay on any related topic. Your essay will be written by one of professional writers hired by our company.

Benjamin Franklin as a Self Made Man essays

Benjamin Franklin as a Self Made Man essays As a young man, Benjamin Franklin knew poverty. His family had little money, and he helped in his father's candle and soap factory by the time he was ten. Young Franklin had little formal schooling. He remembered, "I continued, however, at the grammar-school not quite one year, though in that time I had risen gradually from the middle of the class of that year to be the head of it" (Franklin 3). He loved to read, and this was one of the things that led him to eventual success. He wrote, "From a child I was fond of reading, and all the little money that came into my hands was ever laid out in books" (Franklin 5). His rise to fame and fortune is quite amazing when considering his beginnings, which were quite humble. His father apprenticed him to his brother James when Franklin was only twelve; so much of his early life was spent laboring, rather than learning. This makes his later years even more amazing, when he was known for his wit and writings. By the time he was sixteen, he was writing anonymous essays for his brother's newspaper, and his writing was already becoming popular with readers. One historian wrote, "Virtually all of his writing arose from particular circumstances, served an immediate purpose, and had a deliberate intent. If we may judge from the abundant written remains, his thought and philosophy grew hand in hand with the full life he led" (Ketcham 4). Eventually, young Benjamin took over the paper from his brother, but his writings were so controversial that it did not succeed. He noted, "During my brother's confinement, [] notwithstanding our private differences, I had the management of the paper; and I made bold to give our rulers some rubs in it (Franklin 9). At the age of seventeen, he left Boston and traveled to Philadelphia, where he really began to make a name for himself, but struggled with poverty and positions. Throughout all hi...

Japanese Writing for Beginners

Japanese Writing for Beginners Writing might be one of the most difficult, but also fun, parts of learning Japanese. The Japanese dont use an alphabet. Instead, there are three types of scripts in Japanese: kanji, hiragana and katakana. The combination of all three is used for writing. Kanji Roughly speaking, kanji represents blocks of meaning (nouns, stems of adjectives and verbs). Kanji was brought over from China around 500 C.E. and thus are based on the style of written Chinese characters at that time. The pronunciation of kanji became a mixture of Japanese readings and Chinese readings. Some words are pronounced like the original Chinese reading. For those more familiar with Japanese, you might realize that kanji characters do not sound like their modern-day Chinese counterparts. This is because kanji pronunciation is not based on modern-day Chinese language, but the ancient Chinese spoken around 500 C.E.   In terms of pronouncing kanji, ththere are two different methods:  on-reading  and  kun-reading. On-reading (On-yomi) is the Chinese reading of a kanji character. It is based on the sound of the kanji character as pronounced by the Chinese at the time the character was introduced, and also from the  area  it was imported. Kun-reading (Kun-yomi) is the native Japanese reading associated with the meaning of the word. For a clearer distinction and an explanation of how to decide between on-reading and  kun-reading,  read what  is  On-reading and Kun-reading? Learning kanji can be intimidating as there are thousands of unique characters. Start building your vocabulary by learning the top 100 most common kanji characters used in Japanese newspapers. Being able to recognize frequently used characters in newspapers is a good introduction to practical words used every day.   Hiragana The other two scripts, hiragana and katakana, are both kana systems in Japanese. Kana system is a syllabic phonetic system similar to the alphabet. For both scripts, each character typically corresponds with one syllable. This is unlike kanji script, in which one character can be pronounced with more than one syllable.   Hiragana characters are used to express the grammatical relationship between words. Thus, hiragana is used as sentence  particles  and to inflect adjectives and verbs. Hiragana is also used to convey native Japanese words that do not have a kanji counterpart, or it is used as a simplified version of a complex kanji character. In order to emphasize style and tone in literature, hiragana can take the place of kanji in order to convey a more casual tone. Additionally, hiragana is used as a pronunciation guide to kanji characters. This reading aid system is called furigana. There are 46 characters in hiragana syllabary, consisting of 5 singular vowels, 40 consonant-vowel unions and 1 singular consonant. The curvy script of hiragana comes from the cursive style of Chinese calligraphy popular at the time when hiragana was first introduced to Japan. At first, hiragana was looked down upon by educated elites in Japan who continued to used only kanji. Consequently, hiragana first became popular in Japan among women as women were not granted the high levels of education available to men. Because of this history, hiragana is also referred to as onnade, or womens writing.   For tips on how to properly write hiragana, follow these stroke-by-stroke guides.   Katakana Like hiragana, katakana is a form of Japanese syllabary. Developed in 800 C.E. during the Heian period, katakana consists of 48 characters including 5 nucleus vowels, 42 core  syllabograms  and 1 coda consonant. Katakana is used transliterate foreign names, the names of foreign places and loan words of foreign origin. While kanji are borrowed words from ancient Chinese, katakana is used to transliterate modern-day Chinese words. This Japanese script is also used for onomatopoeia, the technical scientific name of animals and plants. Like italics or boldface in Western languages, katakana is used to create emphasis in a sentence.   In literature, katakana script can replace kanji or hiragana in order to emphasize a characters accent. For instance, if a foreigner or, like in manga, a robot is speaking in Japanese, their speech is often written in katakana. Now that you know what katakana is used for, you can learn how to write katakana script with these numbered stroke guides. General Tips If you want to learn Japanese writing, start with hiragana and katakana. Once you are comfortable with those two scripts, then you can begin to learn kanji. Hiragana and katakana are simpler than  kanji,  and have only 46 characters each. It is possible to write an entire Japanese sentence in hiragana. Many childrens books are written in hiragana only, and Japanese children start to read and write in hiragana before making an attempt to learn some of the two thousand kanji commonly used. Like most Asian languages, Japanese can be written vertically or horizontally. Read more about when one should write vertically versus horizontally.

Write paper on gender in History of california Essay

Write paper on gender in History of california - Essay Example In the 1920s, the women workers enjoyed improved working conditions, protection by the state, limitations on the hours of work, and higher wages. However, the enforcement was irregular, the commission permitted many exclusions and modifications, and the interpretation of the regulations regularly favored the employers (Cherny, Irwin, and Wilson 272). The current laws are very clear on issues such as gender discrimination in the workplace. In 2011, the California State Assembly passes the Gender Nondiscrimination Act, which bans discrimination based on gender expression and identity. There are laws in place that protect against gender discrimination but the aim of this law is to broaden the definitions of gender discrimination and gender in the state laws (Grady & Associates 1). In conclusion, discrimination against a particular gender (mostly women) is something that has been happening for many years. Despite the fact that laws have been enacted to protect them, the same laws have favored the employers and commissions. Women have enjoyed almost all the workers’ rights and privileges but they are still viewed as inferior and unwanted workers. However, the trend has changed in the past years with the passing of several laws meant to broaden the definitions of gender discrimination and

Biochemistry Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Biochemistry Assessment - Assignment Example his increase in boiling point is due to higher number of carbons in butyric acid as compared to acetic acid; number of carbons is one of the criteria on which boiling point depends. Aldehydes and ketones both contain carbonyl group (C=O). When C=O is at the end of carbon chain, and carbon has two single bonds, one with other carbon and one with a hydrogen, then it’s an aldehyde. Vanillin is a phenolic aldehyde which is added to beverages and foods as a flavoring agent. It’s also found in French fries (trans fats). 9.Sucrose and honey are commonly used sweeteners.   Suppose you had a sweet-tasting water solution that contained either honey or sucrose.   How would you chemically determine which sweetener was present? For sucrose, resorchinol (1, 3-benzenediol) can be used to detect for the presence of sucrose in the solution. Resorchinol indicator solution is prepared by adding 0.05 g of reagent-grade resorchinol in 100 ml of HCl solution. 1 ml of freshly prepared indicator solution is mixed with 5 drops of 1 % unknown solution and heated to boiling point. If it turns to cherry red color after a few minutes, it indicates presence of sucrose, if it turns to other colors like yellow or salmon then sucrose is not present. Denaturation of proteins results in disruption and destruction of secondary and tertiary structures. As the process is not that much strong to break peptide bonds, so primary structure (sequence of amino acids) remains intact. However, alpha-helix and beta sheets are disrupted resulting in random shapes. 1. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is responsible for carrying the genetic information which is copied from DNA. This information is copied as a series of three-base code â€Å"words,† which are specific for a particular amino acid. 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) has an important role of understanding and interpreting the genetic code carried by mRNA. In this regard, each amino acid has a specific type of tRNA. This

Process-Flow Analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Process-Flow Analysis - Term Paper Example The Advanced Products Department (APD), which produces the specialty goods, has reformulated its corporate policy. In the early years, this company has built up and manufactured Echo Weather Satellites, which were launched into space. Three major diversified divisions of this company are: the material division, electrical goods, and advanced goods division. This study consists of company overview, SWOT analysis conclusion and recommendation regarding the company. Company Overview: Shipper Manufacturing Company has commenced its business in 1984 as a small organization, manufacturing bare copper wire in Missouri and Sikeston. With only a small number of workers the company started to market goods to electrical distributors in the area of Midwest. From this small beginning, they have developed as a large scale copper wire producer, offering a wide range of wire and cable merchandise to wholesale electrical dispensers across the nation. Nowadays, they also produce laminated equipment an d specialty products such as connectors’ conduits etc. Shipper Manufacturing Company holds a â€Å"Voice of the Consumer Exercise† where interval and external consumer expectations and needs are brainstormed, communicated. Thereby, they make endeavors to guarantee consumer satisfaction and integrate client specifications into the merchandise engineering procedure by doing a â€Å"House of Quality Exercise†. Shipper manufacturing business possesses a manual scheme in its procedures that adds the human ingredient. Frequently, this human ingredient entails mix up or incompetence by causing delays in the manufacturing process as a result of operator mistake and negligence. â€Å"Companies that previously made decisions based on the likelihood that enough defense business would be available to justify ongoing investment in plants, equipment, technology and skilled personnel face the prospect of little or no business. Loss of a single competition could drive a compan y out of a line of business entirely or prompt it to leave the defense sector† (Blakey, 2011, p. 4). SWOT Analysis: Identifying the Strengths and Weaknesses before tackling the Opportunities and Threats is the best method to approach the analysis. The more dominant the Strengths and Opportunities the better they can both be seen as the better achievement of this company. The purpose is to be in a position where it can decide a plan for the future to improve their overall performance. Strengths: Present financial position is quite stable. Availability of skilled labor force. Most recent machinery installed Own properties Outstanding transport links Non-threatening/little competition Weaknesses: Producers take indirect ways to reach their warehouses. The lack of feasible alternative routes when normal routes are blocked during manufacture. Stock problems Opportunities: Advancing globalization More flexible tax regimes Increasingly mobile workforce â€Å"New corporate strategies and processes are required to deal with an industry which is being reshaped through market consolidation and shifts in the balance of world trade† (Opportunities and Challenges for the Shipping Industries, 2007, para. 1). Threats: A high level of financial expansion would normally lead to high demand for manufacturing raw materials, which in turn will increase exports and imports. The shipper manufacturi

An analysis of libyan protected areas as ecotourism resources Essay

An analysis of libyan protected areas as ecotourism resources - Essay Example Libya’s nature reserves and national parks are maintained by the national park and technical committee of wildlife. Some of the nature reserves include Zellaf, Tripoli, New Hiesha, Bier Ayyad, and Benghazi nature reserve. Other protected areas include Giarabub, Garabuli, Bombe gulf, Beljuj Valley, Grotto de Lete, Serir, Jalo, Serir, Sabratha, and Wadi Kham (Eagles, 2010). Protected areas and national parks that exist within a political social is complex to understand and difficult to predict. The socio-political setting is crucial in that it influences the day-to-day and long-term planning of parks. Some trends that occur in the tourism setting such as war or revolution are beyond the capability of park managers to handle. However, there are trends that require managerial response. When managerial power is implemented in the tourism setting it influences the societal and political roles of these areas. The first global trend in nature tourism is that park visitation in most co untries such as Libya will increase in the next years. This based on the fact that, there has been an increase in the use of tourism parks and protected areas for the past 100 years. The significant increase of park visitation is because of international travellers who have a strong drive to visit other countries (Eagles, 2010). The second trend is that park tourism increases public collaboration and participation. It is important to note that, park tourism is about people and their interests. With this, many people invest their time and money to benefit personally towards tourism. The desires and needs of park visitors increase public participation that expands the demands of public participation in the parks. This trend increases the recognition that the park visitors are important, and thus should be given a high priority. The third trend is that, increasing the level of education in the society increases the demand in park services and park management. It is worth note that, hig her education increases earnings and the broader view of the societal spending and more desire and opportunity to travel from one country to the other (Chivvis, 2012). The large segment of people that uses national parks is highly-educated citizens who earn good salary packages. By increasing the level of education, a nation is guarantee of having many travellers within and outside the country. Still, this increases the use levels in protected areas and parks in the future. As people further their education, their interest for travelling and spending develop. This trend also increases the concept of managers seeing more demand of increasing their knowledge, interpretation, and information about the values that the park contains. The management team work hard to satisfy the needs of audience (Mediterranean Area., 2012). The population shift in the developed countries increases the number of citizens visiting other countries. People in their early senior years and are healthy particip ates more in travelling than the elderly. Most of this travel includes nature-based travel, national parks, and private ecolodges. With appropriate infrastructure, accommodation and services, a country is more likely to attract potential visitors. With suitable services, tourists are more likely to spend more money travelling and enjoying the services and accommodation of parks. The fifth trend is that, technology increases the potential means of travelling and leisure opportunities. As technology advances from one level to the other,

Chabros International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chabros International - Essay Example Dubai is on the decline mostly due to tough economic conditions. A closer analysis of the facts provided in the case study would suggest important management and strategic issues which firm needs to focus on. Two of the important management issues are mode of entry as well as the marketing strategy of the firm. When entering into international markets, firms have relatively diversified options to exercise. From exporting to the establishment of a Greenfield projects, firms can choose the right strategy based upon the overall situation and the resources available to the organization. However, in order to expand into any market, it is also critical to highlight and explore language and cultural differences as well as the institutional differences as these factors tend to have significant impact on the way a firm has to develop its marketing as well as HR strategy. The initial strategy adapted by the firm was to enter into joint ventures with the firms which were not located in the region. This therefore created strong cultural and interpersonal issues for partners who were not used to the overall culture and business norms of the region. As such the firm entered into the market without actually making an effort to understand the local dynamics and importance of having local partners. Since firm was entering into different markets for the first time it was therefore important for it to either start through the exporting or founding joint ventures with the local firms. However, the firm, actually opened wholly owned subsidiaries in those regions with 100% ownership therefore the necessary capital was tied up in establishing new facilities. Secondly, the firm focused on one market while continued to expand in other markets despite the fact that major chunk of its sales were coming from one single market i.e. Dubai. Rather than

Collective responsibility Essay Example for Free

Collective responsibility Essay The roles of the characters shift during the play as well. Sheila, who is described at the start as a pretty girl in her early twenties, very pleased with life and rather excited, suddenly assumes the role of the Inspector. She starts to understand that the Inspector knows all the right answers and is intrigued as to how. After he leaves she takes on his role and starts questioning her parents. It is almost as if she is leaving her fathers capitalist ideas and is stepping into the Inspectors shoes, conveying his socialist ideas. This shows the audience how socialism is better than Capitalism. Sheila is forced to follow her fathers capitalist ideas, nut upon given the choice; she would rather follow the Inspectors socialist idea. Also in that time women were meant to be seen and not heard, but socialism has given Sheila the chance to talk and state her feeling. This again shows that socialism is the better of the two as it shows equality between everyone. This is also evident in Eric as towards the end of the play, as Mr and Mrs Birling seem to be celebrating that the Inspector is not real; Eric is still mourning Evas death. He also points out to his parents that they are to blame for Evas death too. This is shown when Sheila says it wont bring Eva Smith back to life, and Eric adds that we all helped to kill her, This shows that the younger generation are perhaps more mature than their parents. It also shows that the younger generations habits can be changed, yet the older generation might stick to their beliefs and ideas. Another point of view may be that this shows how the world is changing and that we must change with it. The people that dont change their ways will end up like Mr and Mrs Birling, bitter and old. One of the most important devices that JB Priestley uses is the Inspector himself, for he is the pathway to truth and is almost like Jesus in the way that he gives people the chance to change, but it is up to them to accept and make the necessary changes. The Inspector is almost like Priestleys socialist voice. The name of the inspector is of significant importance. Goole suggests a ghostly, phantom almost omniscient character as he seems to know the outcome of events beforehand. The inspector turns the family against each other and is almost the puppeteer of the whole play. He controls what the family do and say. This is evident at the end of act three when Eric needs a drink and Mr Birling refuses but the inspector says Yes! I know hes your son and this is your house but look at him. He needs a drink now just to see him through, at which point Mr. Birling allows him to have a drink. Sheila also realises the Inspectors ability to make people say what he wants them to. This is shown in act when she is talking to Gerald and she says I know. Somehow he makes you. The Inspector cleverly makes the Birlings and Gerald reveal their crimes; he only gives them a menial amount of information such as a name and somehow makes them confess everything. The Inspector pushes the blame of Evas death from one character to another, introducing the idea of collective responsibility. It almost seems like the inspector is the characters conscience or a lawyer cleverly putting forward a case. In act 3 Priestley uses the Inspectors speech to convey his socialist ideas. This speech gives an opposite message to that which Birling gave whereby he said that a man has a mind to his own business and look after himself and his own. He said that we are members of one body. This is an ironic reference to the army. This shows how Priestley believes that we are all part of one community and like parts of the body we should all learn to work together. I think it also shows that no one is any more important than another, like in a body each person has a specific, unique job in life and without everyone working together, we would not be able to function properly, and our world will collapse. His speech is almost structured like an argument. The Inspector shows both sides of the rich and poor, and leaves it up to the audience to decide the final verdict. The Inspector almost represents the wars. This is as when the first war came, no one responded or changed their ways, so another war was sent to make them pay in fire, blood and anguish. This very effectively sums up what the wars were about, and how people should have seen the error of their ways and changed while it was possible, but the Second World War tried to get the message across at the end which is almost shown as at the end, the Birlings find out that an inspector is on his way to question them on Evas death. This is also a very important and powerful statement, as it would seem that the Inspector is implying that the war was sent to punish people for not working together and at the same time was forcing them to do so. The war broke down barriers between classes and people all had to work together for their country, not for personal gain, so what the Inspector spoke of was largely accurate. I think Priestley used the idea of war to convey his message because it was a major issue when the play was written and everyone would have suffered from it and would care greatly about it. This shows that the audience should change their opinions about one another; it also shows that if they had stuck together and shown equality between one another, then maybe the wars wouldnt have happened. Also some people may think that this speech shows that although the war may be sent down to punish the people, it may also have been sent down to guide the people. To show them that they should respect one another and they will all eventually have to work together. Some may say that the war may have been a blessing in disguise. In conclusion there are many dramatic devices used to contribute the raising political awareness in this play, and to help emphasise J.B Priestleys particular view, which is that the world needs to stop being Capitalist and start looking at the world form a socialists point of view. I think that Priestley has done well in showing how Socialism will always be better than Capitalism and has used a variety of ways to shows this. Possibly one of the best device used is the juxtaposition between the Inspector and Mr. Birling for this directly shows his personal views on the difference between Capitalism and Socialism. He also tries to show this by having the Inspector say that we are all part of one community, while Mr. Birling says as if we are bees in a hive, as if the community is vulgar, while the Inspector is showing just how wrong he is. Priestly has constructed an almost complete contrast between Mr. Birling and the Inspector, one representing Priestleys opinions and the other representing Pre World War One social opinions. Mr. Birling is ridiculed in the play with his speeches about the future. Mr. Birling is very explosive in his speech, which shows the uncomfortable nature of Capitalism, and how it can be upset by minimal things. The Inspector is given authority in his speeches and shows he is always calm and in control. This shows the audience that of the two ideas socialism is the better. I think that the main dramatic device used is the idea of collective responsibility. This is a major theme of the play. As well as trying to make the Birling family take personal responsibility for Evas death he also wants them to know that together they killed her. Priestley wants the audience to take responsibility for their mistakes, he wants them to feel guilty and work together to make things right. The fact that Priestley questions the morality of the audience is what makes them interested throughout the play. The audience feel as if theyre the ones that are being judged, and questioned, and that they need to confess and accept their responsibility. This involvement and idea of responsibility in my opinion is what makes An Inspector Calls an incredible, thought provoking play.

Impact of Work Related Stress in Nurses

Impact of Work Related Stress in Nurses WORK RELATED STRESS AMONG NURSES AND ITS EFFECTS ON QUALITY CARE DELIVERY IN TAMALE TEACHING HOSPITAL BACKGROUND Stress is a concept describing the interrelationship between a person and the environment. It is the response by a person to stressors in the environment. Selyes General Adaptation Theory (Selye, 1976) described stress response as biophysiologic in nature. When the person is subjected to a stressor, a characteristic syndrome of physical reactions will occur. The stress concept can also be seen as active in a holistic view of the person. The stress response can be physical, psychological, emotional or spiritual in nature and is usually a combination of these dimensions. Stress, similarly, can arise from one or more dimensions and can be either internal or external. Stress and the negative outcomes of stress have been recognized as financially costly to any health care organization. Negative outcomes of job stress among nurses include illness, decline in overall quality of care, job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, and staff turnover (Schwab, 1996). Job stress describes the stress associated with the professional or work environment. Tension is created when the demands of the job or the job environment exceed the capacity of the person to respond effectively. Job stress varies with each work environment. Job satisfaction has been shown to be closely affected by job stress. In a metaanalysis of variables related to nurses job satisfaction, Blegen (1993) identified the variables of age, autonomy, commitment, communication with peers and supervisors, education, fairness, locus of control, professionalism, recognition, stress and years of experience. Blegens analysis found stress and commitment to have the strongest relationship with job satisfaction. Irvine and Evans (1995) also found a strong negative correlation between stress and job satisfaction although not as strong as that found by Blegen. Job satisfaction has also been negatively linked to intention to leave and actual turnover (Hinshaw Atwood, 1983; Irvine Evans, 1995; Price Mueller, 1981). Although job satisfaction is a complex construct, the strong negative correlation to stress and behavioral intent to leave employment warrants the attention of nursing administrators. Attention to job satisfiers may not be sufficient to o ffset the job stress experienced by nurses thus leading to thoughts of leaving employment. ÂÂ  Freudenberger coined the term burnout in 1974 to describe workers reactions to the chronic stress common in occupations involving numerous direct interactions with people. Burnout is typically conceptualized as a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. PROBLEM STATEMENT Nurses occupy a particularly interesting position in the provision of health care. Often they are the sole intermediary between the doctor and the patient and in the front line of health services. Nursing requires a great deal of collaboration with other clinical professionals with different cultures, social backgrounds, as well as the ability to take on various roles during a single workday. These might include participation in teams, attendance during rounds and meetings, field trips, palliative work, providing counseling to patients and their families, and social services. These stressful situations obviously caused problems for nurses in their daily work. Job stress among healthcare staff is becoming a common occurrence in most public health services (Winstanley and Whittington, 2002:303). In the high demand for effectiveness and efficiency of public health service delivery, nursing staff is placed on a high responsibility to ensure the demand of public citizen is satisfied (Ritter et al., 1995:164). Nursing focuses on activities that relate to diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health and illness phenomena. However, inherent in this caring occupations are numerous sources of built-in stress that become occupational hazards for nurses (Huber, 1996:560). There are many components to this experience of stress such as staff shortages, high level of responsibility, dealing with the death and the dying, dealing with patients relatives, coping with the unpredictable, making critical judgment about interventions and treatment, and balancing between work and family commitments. These are forces that realistically generate stress am ong nurses (Gordon, 1999:285; Aurelio, 1993:1-10). The issue of insufficient nursing staff and its effects has caused many nurses experiencing job stress in carrying out their responsibility and maintaining the standards of patient care in public health services (Mackay, 1989:60-61). Furthermore, staff shortages with increasing workload raise concerns to the nurses ability to cope and deliver adequate service to the client, which in turn create a stressful environment within nursing profession (Mackay,1989:60; Huber, 1996:561). PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to determine the level of work related stress among nurses of tamale teaching hospital, its effects on their health and effects of the stress in their delivery of quality care to the patients. OBJECTIVES To determine the level of work related stress among nurses and its effect on quality care delivery in Tamale Teaching Hospital. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To investigate the most prominent sources of job stress among nurses in Tamale Teaching hospital To investigate the most prominent effects of job stress among nurses in Tamale Teaching hospital To explore the most preferred coping mechanism to reduce job stress among nurses in Tamale Teaching hospital RESEARCH QUESTIONS What are the most prominent sources of job stress among nurses in the hospital What are the most prominent effects of job stress among nurses in the hospital What is the most preferred coping mechanism to reduce job stress among nurses in hospital SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research is to identify the sources of job stress, effects of job stress on the nurse and coping mechanism adopted among nurses. It is hoped that the findings will provide great understanding of the major causes of job stress and its effects towards nurses in Tamale Teaching Hospital. The findings will also address some implication concerning the coping mechanism adopted by nurses in Tamale Teaching Hospital when dealing with job related stress. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Stress is a concept describing the interrelationship between a person and the environment. Burnout is typically conceptualized as a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. LITERATURE REVIEW Stress has been used to describe the bodys mobilization on dealing with a challenge or threat (Griffin, 1990). Drafke and Kossen, (2002) defined stress as the bodys non-specific response to any demand. Selye classified stress into two categories, each with two variations: distress (harmful or disease-producing stress) and eustress (beneficial stress) (Drafke and Kossen, 2002). Selye introduced General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model in his study of stress, which consisted of 3 stages; alarm, resistance and exhaustion. The distinction between short and long term effects of stress on the body is brought out by this model (Marshall and Cooper, 1979). Besides the physiologically oriented approach to stress represented by the classic GAS model, attention is also being given to the psychological and the behavioral dimension of stress (Luthans, 1998). All three dimensions are important to the understanding of job stress and coping mechanism in modern organizations. Stress is an unavoidable feature of modern living.ÂÂ   The impact of dynamic and uncertain environment characterized by restructuring, reengineering, layoff and downsizing threatenes ones personal security of employment (Huber, 1996). Generally, stress is always thought of in negative terms. That is, stress is perceived as something bad, annoying, threatening and not wanted (Mckenna, 1994). For example, words or phrases such as depression, feeling out of control, overworked, migraine or headache, time pressure, anxiety, cannot sleep, are commonly used to express what stress means to us personally (Sutherland and Cooper, 2000). Stress is one of those words that everybody knows the meaning of but none can define it (Woodham, 1995). As a result, it is vital to give attention to what stress is not about in todays organization. As pointed out by Luthans (1998) three major misconceptions about stress are as follows: Stress is not simply anxiety. Anxiety operates solely in the emotional and psychological sphere, whereas stress operates both and also in the physiological sphere. Thus, stress may be accompanied by anxiety, but the two should not be equated. Stress is not simply nervous tension. Like anxiety, nervous tension may result from stress, but the two are not the same. Unconscious people have exhibited stress and some people may keep it bottle up and not reveal it through nervous tension. Stress is not necessarily something damaging, bad or to be avoided. Stress is inevitable. Stress is not damaging or bad and is something people should seek out rather than avoid. The key is how the person handles stress. A certain amount of stress is essential to sustain life and moderate amounts serve as stimuli to perform but overpowering stress can cause a person to respond in a maladaptive physiological or psychological manner (Sullivan and Decker, 2001). From the organizations viewpoint, stress in the workplace usually is perceived as something undesirable and is a normal pressure most people experienced at work (Krumm, 2001). Stress is generally viewed in terms of the fit between peoples needs, abilities, and expectations with environmental demands, changes, and opportunities (Cummings and Worley, 1997). The General Adaptation Syndrome or GAS is an early model of stress which viewed stress response as a natural human adaptation to a stressor (to change or leave the stressors) in the individuals physical or psychological environment (Champoux, 2003). Selye described the process of GAS into three stages (Cooper and Marshall, 1978): Alarm reaction in which an initial shock phase of lowered resistance is followed by countershock during which the individuals defense mechanisms become active. Resistance the stage of maximum adaptation and hopefully successful return to equilibrium for the individual. If, however, the stressor continues or defense does not work, the individual will move on to; Collapse or Exhaustion when adaptive mechanisms collapse. Fully understanding stress and its many effects must involve great attention to the three related stages (Selye, 1956). Arousal rises quickly to high levels and many physiological changes that prepare our bodies for strenuous activity (either flight or fight) to take place. The body prepares to fight or adjust to the stressor by increasing respiration, heart rate, muscle tension and blood sugar. The initial reaction is soon replaced by the second stage known as resistance. At this point, if a stressor is too intense the individual may feel restless to cope with it. However, after a short period of alarm the individual will gather all strength and start resisting the negative effects of the stressor. The body tries to return to a normal state by adapting to the stressor. If stress persists, the bodys resources may become depleted and the final stage known as exhaustion occurs. During the exhaustion stage the body begins to wear down from exposure to the stressor. At this point, the ab ility to cope decreases sharply and severe biological damage may result if stress persists. If a person experiences the stressor long enough and does not effectively manage the source of stress then stress-related illnesses can appear. The damaging effects of stress occur in this stage for both the individual and organization (Baron and Greenberg, 1990; Champoux, 2003; Payne and Walker, 1996; Greenberg, 2002; Griffin, 1990). While stress is reflected by the sum of the nonspecific changes which occur in the body at any one time the GAS encompasses all nonspecific changes as they develop throughout time during continued exposure to a stressor (Selye, 1956). The GAS is a useful model for explaining physiological processes which may lead to stress-related illness (Payne and Walker, 1996). The GAS theory says (Selye, 1956; Rice, 2000; Lyon, 2000). All life events cause some stress. Stress is not bad per se, but excessive or unnecessary stress should be avoided whenever possible. The stressor is the stimulus eliciting a need for adaptation; stress is the response. The nonspecific aspects of the bodys reaction to an agent may not be as obvious as the specific effects. Sometimes, only disease or dysfunction will make an individual realize that he or she is under stress. Stress should be monitored. Removal of the stressor eliminates stress. Stress is a natural and essential part of living and growing (Burns, 1992). Moderate levels of stress and stimulation such as challenging but achievable goals can energize and motivate employees. The middle area of the graph shows the stress levels that result in the greatest performance. When a level of arousal exceeds our ability to meet the demand placed upon us we will experience feelings of burnout, exhaustion and ultimately will impair employees performance (Wright and Noe, 1996). Extremely high and extremely low level of stress tends to have negative effects on performance. A certain amount of stress among employees is generally considered to be advantageous for the organization because it tends to increase work performance. However, when an employee experiences too much or too little stress, it is generally disadvantageous for the organization because it tends to decrease work performance (Certo, 2000). In conclusion, stress is an environmental action that places special physical and/or psychological demands that produce an adaptive response that is influenced by individual differences (Kreitner and Kinicki, 2004). SOURCES OF STRESS A variety of studies have shown that quantitative work overloads are potent sources of stress in the workplace in which individuals are asked to do more work than they can complete in a specific period of time (Cassar and Tattersall, 1998; Mullins, 1999; Fox et al., 1993; Ganster and Murphy, 2000). Another major source of job stress is associated with a persons role at work (Marshall and Cooper, 1979). Role ambiguity refers to an employee who is uncertain about how to perform on the job, what is expected in the job and unclear relationship between job performance and expected consequences (Rue and Byars, 1997). Role conflict arises from inconsistent expectations of the organization or from job-related expectations conflicting with a persons other roles (Wright amd Noe, 1996). Cooke and Rousseau (1984), in their study on Michigan teachers to investigate the effects of family roles and work-role expectations on strain. Role theory predicts that multiple roles can lead to stressors (wor k overload and inter-role conflict) and, in turn, to symptoms of strain. The results of this study were generally consistent with the role theorys prediction for work-role expectations that were found to be related to work overload and inter-role conflict and these stressors were found to be related to strain. The finding also indicated that family roles found to be related to strain in three ways: interaction with work-role expectation, those who are married, and those who have children (Cooke and Rousseau, 1984). In addition, there is a consistent relationship between the behavioral characteristics of different jobs and the levels of various stresses experienced by a group of employees. The findings indicated that five of the divisional job dimensions correlate with at least half of the 18 stress variables. Two studies, were conducted on occupational stress and its relation with antecedent variables and job performance among nurses in four hospitals. The finding of the first study indicated that work overload, uncooperative patients, criticism, negligent co-workers, lack of support from supervisors, and difficulties with physician caused stress to hospital nurses. As a result, nurses performed their jobs less effectively. The finding of the second study indicated that there was no significant relationship in years of nursing experience, age, tenure in their nursing unit, tenure in their hospital, or whether they worked full time or part time with job-related stress and job performance among n urses (Motowidlo, 1986). The lack of supportive relationship or poor relationship with peers, colleagues and the superiors are also potential sources of stress, leading to low trust and low interest in problem solving (Khan and Byosiere, 1995; Baron and Greenberg, 1990; Schultz and Schultz, 1994). Relationship at workplace can be classified into relationship with superiors, colleagues, subordinates, those who use your goods/services, those who supply you with goods/services and those whose decisions affect your status and resources (Ward, 1987). It is not possible to obtain a complete stress profile by looking only at sources of stress in the workplace. Thus, it is vital to consider the interfaces that exist between work, home and social life of an individual that contribute to stress. These include marriage, pregnancy, illness, divorce (Baron and Greenberg, 1990), hassles of daily life-household hassles, time pressure hassles, inner concern hassles, environmental hassles, financial responsibilities (Baron and Greenberg, 1990), worries about children, health, misplacing things, worry about crime and rising prices (Schultz and Schultz, 1994). EFFECTS OF STRESS It is vital to know the effects of job stress on physical health, psychological and behavioral on an individual after understanding the nature of stress and major sources of job stress. There is overwhelming evidence to indicate that continuous exposure to stressful situations, or an accumulation of stressors over a period of time, is directly associated with the onset of illness, emotional stress and engaging negative activities (Burns, 1992; Jones, 1988). The fact that stress can make people ill and is implicated in the incidence and development of coronary heart disease, mental illness, certain types of cancer, smoking, dietary problems, excessive alcohol consumption and substance abuse, life dissatisfaction, accident and unsafe behavior at work, migraine, stomach ulcers, hay fever, asthma and skin rashes, marital and family problems (Dalton, 1998; Cooke and Rousseau, 1983). Moreover, it was identified that an individual who has poor problem-solving and coping skills, inability to understand and cope with own emotions, and lack of social and self- assertion skills is more vulnerable to stress and subsequent alcohol and drug misuse (Vetter, 1981). Generally, the effects of work stress occur in three major areas. The effects of stress on physiological include increased of blood pressure, increased of heart rate, sweating, hot and cold spells, breathing difficulty, muscular tension and increased of gastrointestinal disorders. Effects of stress on psychological consist of anger, anxiety, depression, lowered self-esteem, poorer intellectual functioning, inability to concentrate and make decisions, nervousness, irritability, resentment of supervision and job dissatisfaction (Chen and Spector, 1991). Decreased performance, absenteeism, higher accident rates, higher turnover rates, higher alcohol and other drug abuse, impulsive behavior and difficulties in communication are few effects of stress on behavioral (Hellrigel, 1986; Bhagat, 1985). COPING MECHANISMS Based on the above reviews, job stress can be a detrimental to the health and well-being of an individual. Therefore it is important to discuss effectively ways of responding to stress on the individual level. Generally, coping has been focused on internal and external resources for coping with stress which deal with work and general life stresses (Cartwright and Cooper, 1996). Coping can be defined as constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). Coping is also viewed as a dynamic process and response to situation characterized by uncertainty and important consequences (Latack, 1986). Furthermore, coping is illustrated as a process oriented, non-automated adaptive behavior, effort, and managing life stressors (Backer et al., 2000). With these general definitions, coping can be best illustrated as managing taxing circumstances, expending efforts to solve lifes problems and seeking to master or reduce stress (Burke and Weir, 1980). From the literature, successful coping does not mean eliminating all stress. It is important to understand the nature of stress at workplace and its effect before we can reduce or moderate stress. A healthy person will face stress confidently, deals with it and gets beyond it. It is important for an individual to develop coping mechanisms to reduce job stress and apply these coping mechanisms into use in his/her everyday life (Krohne, 1996). The involvement of workers or workers group of all phases is equally necessary to ensure successful implementation of stress intervention to combat job stress in the workplace (Murphy, 1995). A coping mechanism can be effective if resources are targeted to specific problems and aimed at the elimination of the sources of stress. The success to reduce job stress in the workplace embraces both individual coping mechanism and effective organizational intervention on stress management. METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the study design, the study area, the study population and the sampling procedure as well as the recruitment of respondents and the data collection procedure. The data entry and analysis is also outlined in this chapter. RESEARCH DESIGN This study is a cross-sectional study method designed to determine the level of work related stress among nurses of tamale teaching hospital, its effects on their health and effects of the stress in their delivery of quality care to the patients. RESEARCH SETTING The study will be conducted at the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH). It is a primary tertiary referral centre providing patient care to residents of Tamale and neighbouring towns and cities. The hospital has about 30 wards from which the respondents would be solicited. TARGET POPULATION This study will target the registered nursing staff with at least three years experience at the Tamale Teaching Hospital. SAMPLE, SAMPLE SIZE, AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The sample size is 240 respondents this was arrived at by the using Cochran formula. Sample Size = [z2 * p(1-p)] / e2 / 1 + [z2 * p(1-p)] / e2 * N] N = population size z = z-score e = margin of error p = standard of deviation N= 655 Z= 1.96 (using 95% confidence interval) E=0.05 P= 0.5 Sample size = [(1.96)2*0.5(1-0.5)]/0.052 / 1 + [1.962*0.5(1-0.5)]/0.052* 655 Sample size = 384.16/1.6375 Sample size= 235 An extra 5 was added to make it 240 respondents. INCLUSION CRITERIA Respondents must be registered nurses with at least 3 years working experience in the Tamale Teaching Hospital. EXCLUSION CRITERIA Nursing students and nurses who have not worked up to three years will be excluded from the study. DATA COLLECTION TOOL A well-structured questionnaire will be used to collect socio-demographic data, knowledge on work related stress from the respondents. PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION Probability sampling technique will be used. This will be done to give an equal opportunity to all the targeted population. The data collectionÂÂ   will employ the use of structured questionnaire which respondents willÂÂ   checked and also gave short answers to some questions to solicit data from respondents. All the wards will be successfully visited on a daily basis to get eligible participants for the study. Purposive sampling will be used to select clinicians from the hospital who will be available during the data collection from Tamale Teaching Hospital. The study collected data on the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, general knowledge about hand washing, assess the differences across age groups, gender and their experiences regarding handwashing through the use of a structured questionnaire administered by the research assistants with minimal clarification from the research assistants. Primary data will be collected and used in the analysis. DATA ANALYSIS The data will be coded into excel and then entered into SPSS V.16 for analysis. Responses were assigned codes in the form of numbers, which made it easy for keying in the responses into a computer format. Univariate analysis was done for socio-demographic characteristics of respondents and also for areas that require only descriptive statistics. Bivariate analysis will be performed to find associations or relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of clinicians on handwashing ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Approval will be obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee of the hospital. Formal consent will be obtained from the respondents prior to administration of questionnaire. Participants will be informed the study is purely for academic purposes and names will not be needed and assuring them of their privacy. Respondents were also told that they had the right not to participate in the study. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The main limitations will be resources, time. Also, bias in the sampling procedure could occur. REFERENCES Drafke, M.W. and Kossen, S. (2002). The human side of organizations, 8th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Dubrin, A.J. (1985). Effective business psychology, 2nd ed. Virginia: Reston Publishing Company. Freudenberger H.J.( 1974) Staff burn-out. J Social Issues;30(1):159-85. Griffin, R.W. (1990). Management, 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Haw MA.( 1982) Women, work and stress: A review and agenda for the future. J Health Soc Behav;23: 132-44. Huber, D. (1996). Leadership and nursing care management. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. Luthans, F. (1998). Organizational behavior, 8th ed. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill Marshall, J. and Cooper, C.L. (1979). Executive under pressure: A psychological study. New York: Praeger. Maslach C, Jackson S. (1982) Burnout in health professions: A social psychological analysis. In: Sanders G, Suls J, eds. Social psychology of health and illness. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum;. p. 79-103. McGrath, J.E. (1976). Stress and behavior in organizations. In Dunnette, M.D. (ed), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally. Mckenna, E. (1994). Business psychology and organizational behavior: A students handbook. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Near JP, Rice RW, Hunt RG.( 1980) The relationship between work and nonwork domains: a review of empirical research. Acad Manage Rev;5:415- Pearlin LI. (1983) Role strains and personal stress. In: HB Kaplan, ed. Psychological stress. Trends in theory and research. New York: Academic Press; Rice, V.H. (2000). Theories of stress and relationship to health. In Rice, V.H. (ed), Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implication for nursing. Research, theory, and practice. London: Sage Publications Rue, L.W. and Byars, L.L. (1997). Management: Skills and application, 8th ed. Chicago: Irwin. Sutherland, V.J. and Cooper, C.L. (2000). Strategic stress management: An organizational approach. London: Macmillan Business.

Christian Morals versus Barbaric Customs in Hamlet Essay -- Shakespear

Christian Morals versus Barbaric Customs in Hamlet   Ã‚   Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is a tragic play set in Denmark during the early seventeenth century. It was written at the same time the Bible was being translated by King James. Like the Bible, Hamlet is full of problems that all humans experience. These problems are best seen through the internal struggle of Prince Hamlet. The source of Hamlet's internal struggle, which is the direct contrast of his Christian education versus Denmark's barbaric customs, is developed throughout the play through the use of imagery, characterization, and theme.    Imagery is used to show how Hamlet's Christian morals differ from Denmark's customs.    Ay, marry, is't; But to my mind,-though I am native here, And to the manner born,-it is a custom More honour'd in the breach than the observance. This heavy-headed revel east and west Makes us traduc'd and tax'd of other nations: They clepe us drunkards, and with swinish phrase Soil our addition; and, indeed, it takes From our achievements, though perform'd at height, The pith and marrow of our attribute. (I,iv,13-22)    Hamlet is referring to Denmark's custom of drinking alcohol just to get drunk. Claudius is whimsically toasting to Denmark while Hamlet tells Horatio that Denmark is known as a country of drunkards. For this reason Hamlet is not proud of his origins. "'Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, A serpent stung me; so the whole ear of Denmark Is by a forged process of my death Rankly abused: but know, thou noble youth, The serpent that did sting thy father's life Now wears his crown." (I,v,35) King Hamlet is telling his son that his murderer is wearing the King's crown. Shakespear... ...6.    Boklund, Gunnar. "Hamlet." Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    Epstein, Norrie. "One of Destiny's Casualties." Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of The Friendly Shakespeare: A Thoroughly Painless to the Best of the Bard. New York: Viking Penguin, 1993. p. 332-34.    Gooch, Bryan N. S. "Review of The Shapes of Revenge: Victimization, Vengeance, and Vindictiveness in Shakespeare." Early Modern Literary Studies 4.1 (May, 1998): 5.1-6   http://purl.oclc.org/emls/04-1/rev_goo6.html.    Jorgensen, Paul A. "Hamlet." William Shakespeare: the Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publ., 1985. N. pag. http://www.freehomepages.com/hamlet/other/jorg-hamlet.html    Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. T. J. B. Spencer. New York: Penguin, 1996.   

Essay --

Sangbum Park POLI 120A Prof. Victor Magagna Feb, 14, 2014 Causes of changing demand in Europe There are many causes of changing demand in Europe focusing on the incremental change demanded and how rulers responded. The early modern Western Europe has been developed by institutional variations in state. Basically in the book â€Å"Birth of the Leviathan† by Thomas Ertman, he does not believe on the traditional view of the state. He views states in two dimensions which are the regime types and the state apparatus. The two political regimes are the absolute monarchy and the constitutional monarchy. The two state apparatus was either patrimonial or bureaucratic. Briefly before the absolutism was established and built, the feudalism was the political system in the Europe. It was basically the few rulers ruled everything and only those few rulers had power to control anything. The feudal system started to decline when the power of the monarchs in France started to rise. Also the people from burgess class, which was the majority of the people in the feudalism, emerged along the rise of towns. One other reason was the increase of communication between the burgess classes. The decline and destroy of feudalism led the patrimonial absolutism to rise in the Europe during the early middle ages in Europe. During the early middle ages in Latin Europe, the centralized states of those countries were declining. This declination of the centralized states brought the new dynamism to the economies and the religions especially the Church which led the growing of economy. The absolute monarchy started to rise back in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In Western and Eastern Europe, many monarchs such as kings or emperors tried to increase their ... ...ich basically combined England, Scotland, and Ireland into the Great Britain. The glorious revolution was the final incident which stopped the struggles and conflicts of power between the monarchs and the parliament. William and Mary agreed to sign the Bill of Rights offered by the parliament. This Bill of Rights was basically the monarchs, William and Mary will not be able to make their own decision without the permission of the parliament. This is basically how the absolutism is changed to a constitutionalism in England after this incident. The Glorious Revolution brought the power balance between the monarchs and the parliament favors more to parliament as time passed. As the parliament had more powers later, the government became more like democracy because it was the elected people who were making the decisions not the one ruler who were deciding everything.

It was 9 o’clock in the morning when I heard the news that Aliens were going to invade our planet

It was 9 o'clock in the morning when I heard the news that Aliens were going to invade our planet. As unlikely, as this sounded, I knew it to be true the moment I heard it. I had already seen the evidence. Please excuse me; I guess I am rushing ahead a bit. It would probably be better if I started from the beginning. It started 10 months ago when I was working at the Jodrell Bank radio telescope. I was a scientific researcher at the base; and a specialist in radar research. Some of my colleagues had been getting weird results from their observations and I had been asked to double check the validity of their findings. These weren't the only weird happenings either. Scientist from different parts of the planet researching both climate and animal behaviors were also reporting a wide variety of anomalous data. The climate was changing, there were resent reports that a tornado struck the south-east of England. That wasn't the only weird occurrence in weather that had happened; a few weeks later there was another report that a snowstorm had hit West Africa. Alongside all of this there had been rumors of country leaders having meetings discussing the strange events that had been happening. Occurrences after occurrence still leaders around the world were making up lies and excuses, over 100 nuclear power plant had been struck by lightning and earthquakes spontaneously. Haunted by all of these occurrences and happenings, I found it hard to sleep. Even when I could sleep, I was disturbed by weird recurring nightmares. Still, my research work was proving to be equally unsettling. No matter what test I performed, I could find no data that would allow me to dismiss the results drived by my Colleagues. As these findings indicated many anomalous objects were present in near-near Earth orbit. I found myself called in to the office of observation director himself, and as I looked through the images that the Hubble telescope was giving me I noticed weird looking objects that were hovering Earth orbit, by the time I could show the images to my head director we were quickly stopped and ordered to leave the premises. While I tried to go back to get the images as prove I was immediately stop and guided outside of the building. After that incident I was sent home, I had a conversation with my head director telling me that the workplace was being closed for illegal experimenting. The government closed Jodrell bank Telescope and announced that we had secret bases. I worked there for 13 years and had never encountered any secret bases were experiments were performed. Why did the government really close my workplace? Day after day I started to realize that my colleagues were rapidly but slowly losing contact. Until one morning when I was mysteriously called by one of my colleagues to watch a broadcast acknowledging the existence of other life forms and their invasion of our planet. While listening to the event, I suddenly thought †why has the news turned black? †I thought that they were having technical difficulties so I changed to the next channel and when I did it turned out the same as the channel before. The whole screen just plain black while. At the same time, I was confused, a bright light made me cover my eyes, and a shape appeared with the way it spoke. I knew it to be a face but it wasn't a recognizable face and one that I have never encountered. The shape and figure of the life form was unforgettable. It breathed softly and spoke gently. I understood: â€Å"People of earth, we are concerned that your world leaders have been dishonest and created your worst nightmares, bringing destruction and violence upon you. I will give you your last choice of renewing and establishing the disturbance you have caused. I couldn't believe what I was hearing; we were so loud that we caused concern upon our cosmic neighbors. They had taken us as threat to the galaxy. This is one big step for human beings.