An analysis of libyan protected areas as ecotourism resources Essay

An analysis of libyan protected areas as ecotourism resources - Essay Example Libya’s nature reserves and national parks are maintained by the national park and technical committee of wildlife. Some of the nature reserves include Zellaf, Tripoli, New Hiesha, Bier Ayyad, and Benghazi nature reserve. Other protected areas include Giarabub, Garabuli, Bombe gulf, Beljuj Valley, Grotto de Lete, Serir, Jalo, Serir, Sabratha, and Wadi Kham (Eagles, 2010). Protected areas and national parks that exist within a political social is complex to understand and difficult to predict. The socio-political setting is crucial in that it influences the day-to-day and long-term planning of parks. Some trends that occur in the tourism setting such as war or revolution are beyond the capability of park managers to handle. However, there are trends that require managerial response. When managerial power is implemented in the tourism setting it influences the societal and political roles of these areas. The first global trend in nature tourism is that park visitation in most co untries such as Libya will increase in the next years. This based on the fact that, there has been an increase in the use of tourism parks and protected areas for the past 100 years. The significant increase of park visitation is because of international travellers who have a strong drive to visit other countries (Eagles, 2010). The second trend is that park tourism increases public collaboration and participation. It is important to note that, park tourism is about people and their interests. With this, many people invest their time and money to benefit personally towards tourism. The desires and needs of park visitors increase public participation that expands the demands of public participation in the parks. This trend increases the recognition that the park visitors are important, and thus should be given a high priority. The third trend is that, increasing the level of education in the society increases the demand in park services and park management. It is worth note that, hig her education increases earnings and the broader view of the societal spending and more desire and opportunity to travel from one country to the other (Chivvis, 2012). The large segment of people that uses national parks is highly-educated citizens who earn good salary packages. By increasing the level of education, a nation is guarantee of having many travellers within and outside the country. Still, this increases the use levels in protected areas and parks in the future. As people further their education, their interest for travelling and spending develop. This trend also increases the concept of managers seeing more demand of increasing their knowledge, interpretation, and information about the values that the park contains. The management team work hard to satisfy the needs of audience (Mediterranean Area., 2012). The population shift in the developed countries increases the number of citizens visiting other countries. People in their early senior years and are healthy particip ates more in travelling than the elderly. Most of this travel includes nature-based travel, national parks, and private ecolodges. With appropriate infrastructure, accommodation and services, a country is more likely to attract potential visitors. With suitable services, tourists are more likely to spend more money travelling and enjoying the services and accommodation of parks. The fifth trend is that, technology increases the potential means of travelling and leisure opportunities. As technology advances from one level to the other,

Chabros International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Chabros International - Essay Example Dubai is on the decline mostly due to tough economic conditions. A closer analysis of the facts provided in the case study would suggest important management and strategic issues which firm needs to focus on. Two of the important management issues are mode of entry as well as the marketing strategy of the firm. When entering into international markets, firms have relatively diversified options to exercise. From exporting to the establishment of a Greenfield projects, firms can choose the right strategy based upon the overall situation and the resources available to the organization. However, in order to expand into any market, it is also critical to highlight and explore language and cultural differences as well as the institutional differences as these factors tend to have significant impact on the way a firm has to develop its marketing as well as HR strategy. The initial strategy adapted by the firm was to enter into joint ventures with the firms which were not located in the region. This therefore created strong cultural and interpersonal issues for partners who were not used to the overall culture and business norms of the region. As such the firm entered into the market without actually making an effort to understand the local dynamics and importance of having local partners. Since firm was entering into different markets for the first time it was therefore important for it to either start through the exporting or founding joint ventures with the local firms. However, the firm, actually opened wholly owned subsidiaries in those regions with 100% ownership therefore the necessary capital was tied up in establishing new facilities. Secondly, the firm focused on one market while continued to expand in other markets despite the fact that major chunk of its sales were coming from one single market i.e. Dubai. Rather than

Collective responsibility Essay Example for Free

Collective responsibility Essay The roles of the characters shift during the play as well. Sheila, who is described at the start as a pretty girl in her early twenties, very pleased with life and rather excited, suddenly assumes the role of the Inspector. She starts to understand that the Inspector knows all the right answers and is intrigued as to how. After he leaves she takes on his role and starts questioning her parents. It is almost as if she is leaving her fathers capitalist ideas and is stepping into the Inspectors shoes, conveying his socialist ideas. This shows the audience how socialism is better than Capitalism. Sheila is forced to follow her fathers capitalist ideas, nut upon given the choice; she would rather follow the Inspectors socialist idea. Also in that time women were meant to be seen and not heard, but socialism has given Sheila the chance to talk and state her feeling. This again shows that socialism is the better of the two as it shows equality between everyone. This is also evident in Eric as towards the end of the play, as Mr and Mrs Birling seem to be celebrating that the Inspector is not real; Eric is still mourning Evas death. He also points out to his parents that they are to blame for Evas death too. This is shown when Sheila says it wont bring Eva Smith back to life, and Eric adds that we all helped to kill her, This shows that the younger generation are perhaps more mature than their parents. It also shows that the younger generations habits can be changed, yet the older generation might stick to their beliefs and ideas. Another point of view may be that this shows how the world is changing and that we must change with it. The people that dont change their ways will end up like Mr and Mrs Birling, bitter and old. One of the most important devices that JB Priestley uses is the Inspector himself, for he is the pathway to truth and is almost like Jesus in the way that he gives people the chance to change, but it is up to them to accept and make the necessary changes. The Inspector is almost like Priestleys socialist voice. The name of the inspector is of significant importance. Goole suggests a ghostly, phantom almost omniscient character as he seems to know the outcome of events beforehand. The inspector turns the family against each other and is almost the puppeteer of the whole play. He controls what the family do and say. This is evident at the end of act three when Eric needs a drink and Mr Birling refuses but the inspector says Yes! I know hes your son and this is your house but look at him. He needs a drink now just to see him through, at which point Mr. Birling allows him to have a drink. Sheila also realises the Inspectors ability to make people say what he wants them to. This is shown in act when she is talking to Gerald and she says I know. Somehow he makes you. The Inspector cleverly makes the Birlings and Gerald reveal their crimes; he only gives them a menial amount of information such as a name and somehow makes them confess everything. The Inspector pushes the blame of Evas death from one character to another, introducing the idea of collective responsibility. It almost seems like the inspector is the characters conscience or a lawyer cleverly putting forward a case. In act 3 Priestley uses the Inspectors speech to convey his socialist ideas. This speech gives an opposite message to that which Birling gave whereby he said that a man has a mind to his own business and look after himself and his own. He said that we are members of one body. This is an ironic reference to the army. This shows how Priestley believes that we are all part of one community and like parts of the body we should all learn to work together. I think it also shows that no one is any more important than another, like in a body each person has a specific, unique job in life and without everyone working together, we would not be able to function properly, and our world will collapse. His speech is almost structured like an argument. The Inspector shows both sides of the rich and poor, and leaves it up to the audience to decide the final verdict. The Inspector almost represents the wars. This is as when the first war came, no one responded or changed their ways, so another war was sent to make them pay in fire, blood and anguish. This very effectively sums up what the wars were about, and how people should have seen the error of their ways and changed while it was possible, but the Second World War tried to get the message across at the end which is almost shown as at the end, the Birlings find out that an inspector is on his way to question them on Evas death. This is also a very important and powerful statement, as it would seem that the Inspector is implying that the war was sent to punish people for not working together and at the same time was forcing them to do so. The war broke down barriers between classes and people all had to work together for their country, not for personal gain, so what the Inspector spoke of was largely accurate. I think Priestley used the idea of war to convey his message because it was a major issue when the play was written and everyone would have suffered from it and would care greatly about it. This shows that the audience should change their opinions about one another; it also shows that if they had stuck together and shown equality between one another, then maybe the wars wouldnt have happened. Also some people may think that this speech shows that although the war may be sent down to punish the people, it may also have been sent down to guide the people. To show them that they should respect one another and they will all eventually have to work together. Some may say that the war may have been a blessing in disguise. In conclusion there are many dramatic devices used to contribute the raising political awareness in this play, and to help emphasise J.B Priestleys particular view, which is that the world needs to stop being Capitalist and start looking at the world form a socialists point of view. I think that Priestley has done well in showing how Socialism will always be better than Capitalism and has used a variety of ways to shows this. Possibly one of the best device used is the juxtaposition between the Inspector and Mr. Birling for this directly shows his personal views on the difference between Capitalism and Socialism. He also tries to show this by having the Inspector say that we are all part of one community, while Mr. Birling says as if we are bees in a hive, as if the community is vulgar, while the Inspector is showing just how wrong he is. Priestly has constructed an almost complete contrast between Mr. Birling and the Inspector, one representing Priestleys opinions and the other representing Pre World War One social opinions. Mr. Birling is ridiculed in the play with his speeches about the future. Mr. Birling is very explosive in his speech, which shows the uncomfortable nature of Capitalism, and how it can be upset by minimal things. The Inspector is given authority in his speeches and shows he is always calm and in control. This shows the audience that of the two ideas socialism is the better. I think that the main dramatic device used is the idea of collective responsibility. This is a major theme of the play. As well as trying to make the Birling family take personal responsibility for Evas death he also wants them to know that together they killed her. Priestley wants the audience to take responsibility for their mistakes, he wants them to feel guilty and work together to make things right. The fact that Priestley questions the morality of the audience is what makes them interested throughout the play. The audience feel as if theyre the ones that are being judged, and questioned, and that they need to confess and accept their responsibility. This involvement and idea of responsibility in my opinion is what makes An Inspector Calls an incredible, thought provoking play.

Impact of Work Related Stress in Nurses

Impact of Work Related Stress in Nurses WORK RELATED STRESS AMONG NURSES AND ITS EFFECTS ON QUALITY CARE DELIVERY IN TAMALE TEACHING HOSPITAL BACKGROUND Stress is a concept describing the interrelationship between a person and the environment. It is the response by a person to stressors in the environment. Selyes General Adaptation Theory (Selye, 1976) described stress response as biophysiologic in nature. When the person is subjected to a stressor, a characteristic syndrome of physical reactions will occur. The stress concept can also be seen as active in a holistic view of the person. The stress response can be physical, psychological, emotional or spiritual in nature and is usually a combination of these dimensions. Stress, similarly, can arise from one or more dimensions and can be either internal or external. Stress and the negative outcomes of stress have been recognized as financially costly to any health care organization. Negative outcomes of job stress among nurses include illness, decline in overall quality of care, job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, and staff turnover (Schwab, 1996). Job stress describes the stress associated with the professional or work environment. Tension is created when the demands of the job or the job environment exceed the capacity of the person to respond effectively. Job stress varies with each work environment. Job satisfaction has been shown to be closely affected by job stress. In a metaanalysis of variables related to nurses job satisfaction, Blegen (1993) identified the variables of age, autonomy, commitment, communication with peers and supervisors, education, fairness, locus of control, professionalism, recognition, stress and years of experience. Blegens analysis found stress and commitment to have the strongest relationship with job satisfaction. Irvine and Evans (1995) also found a strong negative correlation between stress and job satisfaction although not as strong as that found by Blegen. Job satisfaction has also been negatively linked to intention to leave and actual turnover (Hinshaw Atwood, 1983; Irvine Evans, 1995; Price Mueller, 1981). Although job satisfaction is a complex construct, the strong negative correlation to stress and behavioral intent to leave employment warrants the attention of nursing administrators. Attention to job satisfiers may not be sufficient to o ffset the job stress experienced by nurses thus leading to thoughts of leaving employment. ÂÂ  Freudenberger coined the term burnout in 1974 to describe workers reactions to the chronic stress common in occupations involving numerous direct interactions with people. Burnout is typically conceptualized as a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. PROBLEM STATEMENT Nurses occupy a particularly interesting position in the provision of health care. Often they are the sole intermediary between the doctor and the patient and in the front line of health services. Nursing requires a great deal of collaboration with other clinical professionals with different cultures, social backgrounds, as well as the ability to take on various roles during a single workday. These might include participation in teams, attendance during rounds and meetings, field trips, palliative work, providing counseling to patients and their families, and social services. These stressful situations obviously caused problems for nurses in their daily work. Job stress among healthcare staff is becoming a common occurrence in most public health services (Winstanley and Whittington, 2002:303). In the high demand for effectiveness and efficiency of public health service delivery, nursing staff is placed on a high responsibility to ensure the demand of public citizen is satisfied (Ritter et al., 1995:164). Nursing focuses on activities that relate to diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health and illness phenomena. However, inherent in this caring occupations are numerous sources of built-in stress that become occupational hazards for nurses (Huber, 1996:560). There are many components to this experience of stress such as staff shortages, high level of responsibility, dealing with the death and the dying, dealing with patients relatives, coping with the unpredictable, making critical judgment about interventions and treatment, and balancing between work and family commitments. These are forces that realistically generate stress am ong nurses (Gordon, 1999:285; Aurelio, 1993:1-10). The issue of insufficient nursing staff and its effects has caused many nurses experiencing job stress in carrying out their responsibility and maintaining the standards of patient care in public health services (Mackay, 1989:60-61). Furthermore, staff shortages with increasing workload raise concerns to the nurses ability to cope and deliver adequate service to the client, which in turn create a stressful environment within nursing profession (Mackay,1989:60; Huber, 1996:561). PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to determine the level of work related stress among nurses of tamale teaching hospital, its effects on their health and effects of the stress in their delivery of quality care to the patients. OBJECTIVES To determine the level of work related stress among nurses and its effect on quality care delivery in Tamale Teaching Hospital. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To investigate the most prominent sources of job stress among nurses in Tamale Teaching hospital To investigate the most prominent effects of job stress among nurses in Tamale Teaching hospital To explore the most preferred coping mechanism to reduce job stress among nurses in Tamale Teaching hospital RESEARCH QUESTIONS What are the most prominent sources of job stress among nurses in the hospital What are the most prominent effects of job stress among nurses in the hospital What is the most preferred coping mechanism to reduce job stress among nurses in hospital SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research is to identify the sources of job stress, effects of job stress on the nurse and coping mechanism adopted among nurses. It is hoped that the findings will provide great understanding of the major causes of job stress and its effects towards nurses in Tamale Teaching Hospital. The findings will also address some implication concerning the coping mechanism adopted by nurses in Tamale Teaching Hospital when dealing with job related stress. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Stress is a concept describing the interrelationship between a person and the environment. Burnout is typically conceptualized as a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. LITERATURE REVIEW Stress has been used to describe the bodys mobilization on dealing with a challenge or threat (Griffin, 1990). Drafke and Kossen, (2002) defined stress as the bodys non-specific response to any demand. Selye classified stress into two categories, each with two variations: distress (harmful or disease-producing stress) and eustress (beneficial stress) (Drafke and Kossen, 2002). Selye introduced General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model in his study of stress, which consisted of 3 stages; alarm, resistance and exhaustion. The distinction between short and long term effects of stress on the body is brought out by this model (Marshall and Cooper, 1979). Besides the physiologically oriented approach to stress represented by the classic GAS model, attention is also being given to the psychological and the behavioral dimension of stress (Luthans, 1998). All three dimensions are important to the understanding of job stress and coping mechanism in modern organizations. Stress is an unavoidable feature of modern living.ÂÂ   The impact of dynamic and uncertain environment characterized by restructuring, reengineering, layoff and downsizing threatenes ones personal security of employment (Huber, 1996). Generally, stress is always thought of in negative terms. That is, stress is perceived as something bad, annoying, threatening and not wanted (Mckenna, 1994). For example, words or phrases such as depression, feeling out of control, overworked, migraine or headache, time pressure, anxiety, cannot sleep, are commonly used to express what stress means to us personally (Sutherland and Cooper, 2000). Stress is one of those words that everybody knows the meaning of but none can define it (Woodham, 1995). As a result, it is vital to give attention to what stress is not about in todays organization. As pointed out by Luthans (1998) three major misconceptions about stress are as follows: Stress is not simply anxiety. Anxiety operates solely in the emotional and psychological sphere, whereas stress operates both and also in the physiological sphere. Thus, stress may be accompanied by anxiety, but the two should not be equated. Stress is not simply nervous tension. Like anxiety, nervous tension may result from stress, but the two are not the same. Unconscious people have exhibited stress and some people may keep it bottle up and not reveal it through nervous tension. Stress is not necessarily something damaging, bad or to be avoided. Stress is inevitable. Stress is not damaging or bad and is something people should seek out rather than avoid. The key is how the person handles stress. A certain amount of stress is essential to sustain life and moderate amounts serve as stimuli to perform but overpowering stress can cause a person to respond in a maladaptive physiological or psychological manner (Sullivan and Decker, 2001). From the organizations viewpoint, stress in the workplace usually is perceived as something undesirable and is a normal pressure most people experienced at work (Krumm, 2001). Stress is generally viewed in terms of the fit between peoples needs, abilities, and expectations with environmental demands, changes, and opportunities (Cummings and Worley, 1997). The General Adaptation Syndrome or GAS is an early model of stress which viewed stress response as a natural human adaptation to a stressor (to change or leave the stressors) in the individuals physical or psychological environment (Champoux, 2003). Selye described the process of GAS into three stages (Cooper and Marshall, 1978): Alarm reaction in which an initial shock phase of lowered resistance is followed by countershock during which the individuals defense mechanisms become active. Resistance the stage of maximum adaptation and hopefully successful return to equilibrium for the individual. If, however, the stressor continues or defense does not work, the individual will move on to; Collapse or Exhaustion when adaptive mechanisms collapse. Fully understanding stress and its many effects must involve great attention to the three related stages (Selye, 1956). Arousal rises quickly to high levels and many physiological changes that prepare our bodies for strenuous activity (either flight or fight) to take place. The body prepares to fight or adjust to the stressor by increasing respiration, heart rate, muscle tension and blood sugar. The initial reaction is soon replaced by the second stage known as resistance. At this point, if a stressor is too intense the individual may feel restless to cope with it. However, after a short period of alarm the individual will gather all strength and start resisting the negative effects of the stressor. The body tries to return to a normal state by adapting to the stressor. If stress persists, the bodys resources may become depleted and the final stage known as exhaustion occurs. During the exhaustion stage the body begins to wear down from exposure to the stressor. At this point, the ab ility to cope decreases sharply and severe biological damage may result if stress persists. If a person experiences the stressor long enough and does not effectively manage the source of stress then stress-related illnesses can appear. The damaging effects of stress occur in this stage for both the individual and organization (Baron and Greenberg, 1990; Champoux, 2003; Payne and Walker, 1996; Greenberg, 2002; Griffin, 1990). While stress is reflected by the sum of the nonspecific changes which occur in the body at any one time the GAS encompasses all nonspecific changes as they develop throughout time during continued exposure to a stressor (Selye, 1956). The GAS is a useful model for explaining physiological processes which may lead to stress-related illness (Payne and Walker, 1996). The GAS theory says (Selye, 1956; Rice, 2000; Lyon, 2000). All life events cause some stress. Stress is not bad per se, but excessive or unnecessary stress should be avoided whenever possible. The stressor is the stimulus eliciting a need for adaptation; stress is the response. The nonspecific aspects of the bodys reaction to an agent may not be as obvious as the specific effects. Sometimes, only disease or dysfunction will make an individual realize that he or she is under stress. Stress should be monitored. Removal of the stressor eliminates stress. Stress is a natural and essential part of living and growing (Burns, 1992). Moderate levels of stress and stimulation such as challenging but achievable goals can energize and motivate employees. The middle area of the graph shows the stress levels that result in the greatest performance. When a level of arousal exceeds our ability to meet the demand placed upon us we will experience feelings of burnout, exhaustion and ultimately will impair employees performance (Wright and Noe, 1996). Extremely high and extremely low level of stress tends to have negative effects on performance. A certain amount of stress among employees is generally considered to be advantageous for the organization because it tends to increase work performance. However, when an employee experiences too much or too little stress, it is generally disadvantageous for the organization because it tends to decrease work performance (Certo, 2000). In conclusion, stress is an environmental action that places special physical and/or psychological demands that produce an adaptive response that is influenced by individual differences (Kreitner and Kinicki, 2004). SOURCES OF STRESS A variety of studies have shown that quantitative work overloads are potent sources of stress in the workplace in which individuals are asked to do more work than they can complete in a specific period of time (Cassar and Tattersall, 1998; Mullins, 1999; Fox et al., 1993; Ganster and Murphy, 2000). Another major source of job stress is associated with a persons role at work (Marshall and Cooper, 1979). Role ambiguity refers to an employee who is uncertain about how to perform on the job, what is expected in the job and unclear relationship between job performance and expected consequences (Rue and Byars, 1997). Role conflict arises from inconsistent expectations of the organization or from job-related expectations conflicting with a persons other roles (Wright amd Noe, 1996). Cooke and Rousseau (1984), in their study on Michigan teachers to investigate the effects of family roles and work-role expectations on strain. Role theory predicts that multiple roles can lead to stressors (wor k overload and inter-role conflict) and, in turn, to symptoms of strain. The results of this study were generally consistent with the role theorys prediction for work-role expectations that were found to be related to work overload and inter-role conflict and these stressors were found to be related to strain. The finding also indicated that family roles found to be related to strain in three ways: interaction with work-role expectation, those who are married, and those who have children (Cooke and Rousseau, 1984). In addition, there is a consistent relationship between the behavioral characteristics of different jobs and the levels of various stresses experienced by a group of employees. The findings indicated that five of the divisional job dimensions correlate with at least half of the 18 stress variables. Two studies, were conducted on occupational stress and its relation with antecedent variables and job performance among nurses in four hospitals. The finding of the first study indicated that work overload, uncooperative patients, criticism, negligent co-workers, lack of support from supervisors, and difficulties with physician caused stress to hospital nurses. As a result, nurses performed their jobs less effectively. The finding of the second study indicated that there was no significant relationship in years of nursing experience, age, tenure in their nursing unit, tenure in their hospital, or whether they worked full time or part time with job-related stress and job performance among n urses (Motowidlo, 1986). The lack of supportive relationship or poor relationship with peers, colleagues and the superiors are also potential sources of stress, leading to low trust and low interest in problem solving (Khan and Byosiere, 1995; Baron and Greenberg, 1990; Schultz and Schultz, 1994). Relationship at workplace can be classified into relationship with superiors, colleagues, subordinates, those who use your goods/services, those who supply you with goods/services and those whose decisions affect your status and resources (Ward, 1987). It is not possible to obtain a complete stress profile by looking only at sources of stress in the workplace. Thus, it is vital to consider the interfaces that exist between work, home and social life of an individual that contribute to stress. These include marriage, pregnancy, illness, divorce (Baron and Greenberg, 1990), hassles of daily life-household hassles, time pressure hassles, inner concern hassles, environmental hassles, financial responsibilities (Baron and Greenberg, 1990), worries about children, health, misplacing things, worry about crime and rising prices (Schultz and Schultz, 1994). EFFECTS OF STRESS It is vital to know the effects of job stress on physical health, psychological and behavioral on an individual after understanding the nature of stress and major sources of job stress. There is overwhelming evidence to indicate that continuous exposure to stressful situations, or an accumulation of stressors over a period of time, is directly associated with the onset of illness, emotional stress and engaging negative activities (Burns, 1992; Jones, 1988). The fact that stress can make people ill and is implicated in the incidence and development of coronary heart disease, mental illness, certain types of cancer, smoking, dietary problems, excessive alcohol consumption and substance abuse, life dissatisfaction, accident and unsafe behavior at work, migraine, stomach ulcers, hay fever, asthma and skin rashes, marital and family problems (Dalton, 1998; Cooke and Rousseau, 1983). Moreover, it was identified that an individual who has poor problem-solving and coping skills, inability to understand and cope with own emotions, and lack of social and self- assertion skills is more vulnerable to stress and subsequent alcohol and drug misuse (Vetter, 1981). Generally, the effects of work stress occur in three major areas. The effects of stress on physiological include increased of blood pressure, increased of heart rate, sweating, hot and cold spells, breathing difficulty, muscular tension and increased of gastrointestinal disorders. Effects of stress on psychological consist of anger, anxiety, depression, lowered self-esteem, poorer intellectual functioning, inability to concentrate and make decisions, nervousness, irritability, resentment of supervision and job dissatisfaction (Chen and Spector, 1991). Decreased performance, absenteeism, higher accident rates, higher turnover rates, higher alcohol and other drug abuse, impulsive behavior and difficulties in communication are few effects of stress on behavioral (Hellrigel, 1986; Bhagat, 1985). COPING MECHANISMS Based on the above reviews, job stress can be a detrimental to the health and well-being of an individual. Therefore it is important to discuss effectively ways of responding to stress on the individual level. Generally, coping has been focused on internal and external resources for coping with stress which deal with work and general life stresses (Cartwright and Cooper, 1996). Coping can be defined as constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). Coping is also viewed as a dynamic process and response to situation characterized by uncertainty and important consequences (Latack, 1986). Furthermore, coping is illustrated as a process oriented, non-automated adaptive behavior, effort, and managing life stressors (Backer et al., 2000). With these general definitions, coping can be best illustrated as managing taxing circumstances, expending efforts to solve lifes problems and seeking to master or reduce stress (Burke and Weir, 1980). From the literature, successful coping does not mean eliminating all stress. It is important to understand the nature of stress at workplace and its effect before we can reduce or moderate stress. A healthy person will face stress confidently, deals with it and gets beyond it. It is important for an individual to develop coping mechanisms to reduce job stress and apply these coping mechanisms into use in his/her everyday life (Krohne, 1996). The involvement of workers or workers group of all phases is equally necessary to ensure successful implementation of stress intervention to combat job stress in the workplace (Murphy, 1995). A coping mechanism can be effective if resources are targeted to specific problems and aimed at the elimination of the sources of stress. The success to reduce job stress in the workplace embraces both individual coping mechanism and effective organizational intervention on stress management. METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the study design, the study area, the study population and the sampling procedure as well as the recruitment of respondents and the data collection procedure. The data entry and analysis is also outlined in this chapter. RESEARCH DESIGN This study is a cross-sectional study method designed to determine the level of work related stress among nurses of tamale teaching hospital, its effects on their health and effects of the stress in their delivery of quality care to the patients. RESEARCH SETTING The study will be conducted at the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH). It is a primary tertiary referral centre providing patient care to residents of Tamale and neighbouring towns and cities. The hospital has about 30 wards from which the respondents would be solicited. TARGET POPULATION This study will target the registered nursing staff with at least three years experience at the Tamale Teaching Hospital. SAMPLE, SAMPLE SIZE, AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The sample size is 240 respondents this was arrived at by the using Cochran formula. Sample Size = [z2 * p(1-p)] / e2 / 1 + [z2 * p(1-p)] / e2 * N] N = population size z = z-score e = margin of error p = standard of deviation N= 655 Z= 1.96 (using 95% confidence interval) E=0.05 P= 0.5 Sample size = [(1.96)2*0.5(1-0.5)]/0.052 / 1 + [1.962*0.5(1-0.5)]/0.052* 655 Sample size = 384.16/1.6375 Sample size= 235 An extra 5 was added to make it 240 respondents. INCLUSION CRITERIA Respondents must be registered nurses with at least 3 years working experience in the Tamale Teaching Hospital. EXCLUSION CRITERIA Nursing students and nurses who have not worked up to three years will be excluded from the study. DATA COLLECTION TOOL A well-structured questionnaire will be used to collect socio-demographic data, knowledge on work related stress from the respondents. PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION Probability sampling technique will be used. This will be done to give an equal opportunity to all the targeted population. The data collectionÂÂ   will employ the use of structured questionnaire which respondents willÂÂ   checked and also gave short answers to some questions to solicit data from respondents. All the wards will be successfully visited on a daily basis to get eligible participants for the study. Purposive sampling will be used to select clinicians from the hospital who will be available during the data collection from Tamale Teaching Hospital. The study collected data on the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, general knowledge about hand washing, assess the differences across age groups, gender and their experiences regarding handwashing through the use of a structured questionnaire administered by the research assistants with minimal clarification from the research assistants. Primary data will be collected and used in the analysis. DATA ANALYSIS The data will be coded into excel and then entered into SPSS V.16 for analysis. Responses were assigned codes in the form of numbers, which made it easy for keying in the responses into a computer format. Univariate analysis was done for socio-demographic characteristics of respondents and also for areas that require only descriptive statistics. Bivariate analysis will be performed to find associations or relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of clinicians on handwashing ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Approval will be obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee of the hospital. Formal consent will be obtained from the respondents prior to administration of questionnaire. Participants will be informed the study is purely for academic purposes and names will not be needed and assuring them of their privacy. Respondents were also told that they had the right not to participate in the study. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The main limitations will be resources, time. Also, bias in the sampling procedure could occur. REFERENCES Drafke, M.W. and Kossen, S. (2002). The human side of organizations, 8th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Dubrin, A.J. (1985). Effective business psychology, 2nd ed. Virginia: Reston Publishing Company. Freudenberger H.J.( 1974) Staff burn-out. J Social Issues;30(1):159-85. Griffin, R.W. (1990). Management, 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Haw MA.( 1982) Women, work and stress: A review and agenda for the future. J Health Soc Behav;23: 132-44. Huber, D. (1996). Leadership and nursing care management. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. Luthans, F. (1998). Organizational behavior, 8th ed. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill Marshall, J. and Cooper, C.L. (1979). Executive under pressure: A psychological study. New York: Praeger. Maslach C, Jackson S. (1982) Burnout in health professions: A social psychological analysis. In: Sanders G, Suls J, eds. Social psychology of health and illness. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum;. p. 79-103. McGrath, J.E. (1976). Stress and behavior in organizations. In Dunnette, M.D. (ed), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally. Mckenna, E. (1994). Business psychology and organizational behavior: A students handbook. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Near JP, Rice RW, Hunt RG.( 1980) The relationship between work and nonwork domains: a review of empirical research. Acad Manage Rev;5:415- Pearlin LI. (1983) Role strains and personal stress. In: HB Kaplan, ed. Psychological stress. Trends in theory and research. New York: Academic Press; Rice, V.H. (2000). Theories of stress and relationship to health. In Rice, V.H. (ed), Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implication for nursing. Research, theory, and practice. London: Sage Publications Rue, L.W. and Byars, L.L. (1997). Management: Skills and application, 8th ed. Chicago: Irwin. Sutherland, V.J. and Cooper, C.L. (2000). Strategic stress management: An organizational approach. London: Macmillan Business.

Christian Morals versus Barbaric Customs in Hamlet Essay -- Shakespear

Christian Morals versus Barbaric Customs in Hamlet   Ã‚   Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, is a tragic play set in Denmark during the early seventeenth century. It was written at the same time the Bible was being translated by King James. Like the Bible, Hamlet is full of problems that all humans experience. These problems are best seen through the internal struggle of Prince Hamlet. The source of Hamlet's internal struggle, which is the direct contrast of his Christian education versus Denmark's barbaric customs, is developed throughout the play through the use of imagery, characterization, and theme.    Imagery is used to show how Hamlet's Christian morals differ from Denmark's customs.    Ay, marry, is't; But to my mind,-though I am native here, And to the manner born,-it is a custom More honour'd in the breach than the observance. This heavy-headed revel east and west Makes us traduc'd and tax'd of other nations: They clepe us drunkards, and with swinish phrase Soil our addition; and, indeed, it takes From our achievements, though perform'd at height, The pith and marrow of our attribute. (I,iv,13-22)    Hamlet is referring to Denmark's custom of drinking alcohol just to get drunk. Claudius is whimsically toasting to Denmark while Hamlet tells Horatio that Denmark is known as a country of drunkards. For this reason Hamlet is not proud of his origins. "'Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, A serpent stung me; so the whole ear of Denmark Is by a forged process of my death Rankly abused: but know, thou noble youth, The serpent that did sting thy father's life Now wears his crown." (I,v,35) King Hamlet is telling his son that his murderer is wearing the King's crown. Shakespear... ...6.    Boklund, Gunnar. "Hamlet." Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    Epstein, Norrie. "One of Destiny's Casualties." Readings on Hamlet. Ed. Don Nardo. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1999. Rpt. of The Friendly Shakespeare: A Thoroughly Painless to the Best of the Bard. New York: Viking Penguin, 1993. p. 332-34.    Gooch, Bryan N. S. "Review of The Shapes of Revenge: Victimization, Vengeance, and Vindictiveness in Shakespeare." Early Modern Literary Studies 4.1 (May, 1998): 5.1-6   http://purl.oclc.org/emls/04-1/rev_goo6.html.    Jorgensen, Paul A. "Hamlet." William Shakespeare: the Tragedies. Boston: Twayne Publ., 1985. N. pag. http://www.freehomepages.com/hamlet/other/jorg-hamlet.html    Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. T. J. B. Spencer. New York: Penguin, 1996.   

Essay --

Sangbum Park POLI 120A Prof. Victor Magagna Feb, 14, 2014 Causes of changing demand in Europe There are many causes of changing demand in Europe focusing on the incremental change demanded and how rulers responded. The early modern Western Europe has been developed by institutional variations in state. Basically in the book â€Å"Birth of the Leviathan† by Thomas Ertman, he does not believe on the traditional view of the state. He views states in two dimensions which are the regime types and the state apparatus. The two political regimes are the absolute monarchy and the constitutional monarchy. The two state apparatus was either patrimonial or bureaucratic. Briefly before the absolutism was established and built, the feudalism was the political system in the Europe. It was basically the few rulers ruled everything and only those few rulers had power to control anything. The feudal system started to decline when the power of the monarchs in France started to rise. Also the people from burgess class, which was the majority of the people in the feudalism, emerged along the rise of towns. One other reason was the increase of communication between the burgess classes. The decline and destroy of feudalism led the patrimonial absolutism to rise in the Europe during the early middle ages in Europe. During the early middle ages in Latin Europe, the centralized states of those countries were declining. This declination of the centralized states brought the new dynamism to the economies and the religions especially the Church which led the growing of economy. The absolute monarchy started to rise back in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In Western and Eastern Europe, many monarchs such as kings or emperors tried to increase their ... ...ich basically combined England, Scotland, and Ireland into the Great Britain. The glorious revolution was the final incident which stopped the struggles and conflicts of power between the monarchs and the parliament. William and Mary agreed to sign the Bill of Rights offered by the parliament. This Bill of Rights was basically the monarchs, William and Mary will not be able to make their own decision without the permission of the parliament. This is basically how the absolutism is changed to a constitutionalism in England after this incident. The Glorious Revolution brought the power balance between the monarchs and the parliament favors more to parliament as time passed. As the parliament had more powers later, the government became more like democracy because it was the elected people who were making the decisions not the one ruler who were deciding everything.

It was 9 o’clock in the morning when I heard the news that Aliens were going to invade our planet

It was 9 o'clock in the morning when I heard the news that Aliens were going to invade our planet. As unlikely, as this sounded, I knew it to be true the moment I heard it. I had already seen the evidence. Please excuse me; I guess I am rushing ahead a bit. It would probably be better if I started from the beginning. It started 10 months ago when I was working at the Jodrell Bank radio telescope. I was a scientific researcher at the base; and a specialist in radar research. Some of my colleagues had been getting weird results from their observations and I had been asked to double check the validity of their findings. These weren't the only weird happenings either. Scientist from different parts of the planet researching both climate and animal behaviors were also reporting a wide variety of anomalous data. The climate was changing, there were resent reports that a tornado struck the south-east of England. That wasn't the only weird occurrence in weather that had happened; a few weeks later there was another report that a snowstorm had hit West Africa. Alongside all of this there had been rumors of country leaders having meetings discussing the strange events that had been happening. Occurrences after occurrence still leaders around the world were making up lies and excuses, over 100 nuclear power plant had been struck by lightning and earthquakes spontaneously. Haunted by all of these occurrences and happenings, I found it hard to sleep. Even when I could sleep, I was disturbed by weird recurring nightmares. Still, my research work was proving to be equally unsettling. No matter what test I performed, I could find no data that would allow me to dismiss the results drived by my Colleagues. As these findings indicated many anomalous objects were present in near-near Earth orbit. I found myself called in to the office of observation director himself, and as I looked through the images that the Hubble telescope was giving me I noticed weird looking objects that were hovering Earth orbit, by the time I could show the images to my head director we were quickly stopped and ordered to leave the premises. While I tried to go back to get the images as prove I was immediately stop and guided outside of the building. After that incident I was sent home, I had a conversation with my head director telling me that the workplace was being closed for illegal experimenting. The government closed Jodrell bank Telescope and announced that we had secret bases. I worked there for 13 years and had never encountered any secret bases were experiments were performed. Why did the government really close my workplace? Day after day I started to realize that my colleagues were rapidly but slowly losing contact. Until one morning when I was mysteriously called by one of my colleagues to watch a broadcast acknowledging the existence of other life forms and their invasion of our planet. While listening to the event, I suddenly thought †why has the news turned black? †I thought that they were having technical difficulties so I changed to the next channel and when I did it turned out the same as the channel before. The whole screen just plain black while. At the same time, I was confused, a bright light made me cover my eyes, and a shape appeared with the way it spoke. I knew it to be a face but it wasn't a recognizable face and one that I have never encountered. The shape and figure of the life form was unforgettable. It breathed softly and spoke gently. I understood: â€Å"People of earth, we are concerned that your world leaders have been dishonest and created your worst nightmares, bringing destruction and violence upon you. I will give you your last choice of renewing and establishing the disturbance you have caused. I couldn't believe what I was hearing; we were so loud that we caused concern upon our cosmic neighbors. They had taken us as threat to the galaxy. This is one big step for human beings.